Effects of Parental Death

The Effects of Parental Death and its causes On Their Children’s Behaviors. By Tameka L. Flynt A paper presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of CST 5006 – Survey of Research Methodology Capella University May 2010 Address: P. O. Box 1987 Griffin, GA 30223 Phone: 678-588-9932 Email: [email  protected] com Instructor: Trent Nguyen Abstract The purpose of this study is to review literature related to the effects of parental death on children. Children who experience the death of a parent is considered an at risk population for psychological, behavioral, and social problems.There are many factors relating to the way children adjust to parental death. Some of these factors include the age of the child, the gender of the child, the circumstances surrounding the death (accidental, expected, or violent death), the adjustment of the surviving caregiver, etc. Children who experience the accidental or violent death of a parent are more at risk to develop psycholog ical problems, such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, than those children who experience the expected death of a parent. Table of Contents Abstract2 Table of Contents3 Introduction4 The Statement of the Problem5Review of Literature5 Qualitative Research5 Quantitative Research9 Conclusion14 Annotated Bibliography15 Introduction Four percent of youth in the United States lose at least one parent by age fifteen (Samide & Stockton, 2002). The Death of a parent is a major and devastating event for a child. It can affect a child’s psychological and social development, which can lead to low academic performance and behavior problems. Everyday someone dies whether it’s from a sudden death such as a car accident, a natural disaster, and violence or an expected death such as long term illnesses.Many people that die have at least one child that live in the home under the age of eighteen. Understanding how the children are affected by parental death is importan t for developing effective prevention and interventions strategies that can be used by children counselors, social workers, and school counselors. Studies have been done to understand how these children are affected but there is room for further research. The Research questions that guided this research for the review of literature include: 1. Does the cause of death have a different effect on the way children grieve or adjust to life without their parent? . What are the most common problems children experiences after the death of a parent? 3. How are children affected by parental death? 4. What are the needs of children who experience parental death? The Statement of the Problem This research proposes to identify the different effects parental death has on children and the factors (cause of death, age of child, gender of child, gender of surviving parent, etc) that relates to the adjustment of the child to the death of a parent. Review of Literature Qualitative ResearchHope and Hat e (2006) performed a qualitative study to explore the factors that affect children’s adjustment to the death of a parent. The authors of this study reviewed literature and found that many factors contribute to the way children adjust to parental death. Previous research shows that children experience distress related to the loss of a parent. Factor that affect the way a child adjust includes the age of the child, the sex of the child, circumstances of death, relationship to the deceased parent, adjustment to the remaining caregiver, & participation in post death rituals such as funerals.Other studies have compared the adjustment of children who have lost a parent to suicide to those who have lost a parent to terminal illness. Hope and Hodge (2006) conducted this study to obtain insight from social workers who work with childhood grief. They interviewed five social workers asking questions related to the adjustment of children who lost a parent. They focused on the age of children, the sex of children, the circumstances of death (sudden or expected), and adjustment of the current caretaker. They focused on these factors because they found that these were the most common studied but the findings are the most contradictory.After interviewing the social workers Hope and Hodge (2006) found that they had observed similar patterns regarding the factors that affect the adjustment of children who lost a parent to death. Boys tend to show externalizing behaviors whereas girls tend to show internalizing behaviors due to the lost of a parent. They found that the cognitive level rather than the age of the child affects their adjustment more. Therefore younger children and preadolescents seem to have more difficulty adjusting to the death of a parent than adolescents.The results did not support earlier findings that sudden death present more difficulty adjusting than expected death. Most of the participants reported that sudden and expected death is equally traum atic to children. The participants also said that the adjustment of the caretaker is important for a positive adjustment for the children. The caretaker must be able to grieve while supporting the child’s need to grieve. This study shows that children of different ages and genders react different to the death of a parent. The authors of this study choose to perform a qualitative study because of the small number of participants.The sample was collected purposefully to focus on what social workers experienced when working with bereaved children. The methods used in this study limits generalizability. The participants all live in the same are of Virginia, therefore it is questionable if the results would be the same all over the country. It also focused on one culture so the results can be different with other cultures the authors also realized that the interviews may have been biased because of the answers that were given and the styles and opinions of the interviewer.Through this study social workers can gain a better understanding of how children adjust to the death of a parent so they can develop intervention strategies when working with these families. Children who witness the homicide of a parent are becoming more common in the United States today. There is very little research done that evaluates the children after such a traumatic event. Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, & Robert (1994) conducted a qualitative study where they performed a psychiatric evaluation of children who witness the homicide of a parent. They interviewed 55 children and adolescents between the ages of 3 to 17 in Los Angeles.They interviewed children from hours to weeks after the homicide to study the child’s immediate response. They also interviewed children who had witness the homicide years earlier to study the continued impact of the event. The purpose of this study is to contribute to our understanding of the nature of child’s experience of trauma, the influence of development phase on symptoms expression, and the interaction of grief and trauma (Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, & Robert, 1994). The results of the interviews indicate that children who witness the violent death of parent results in a variety of juvenile post-traumatic stress.The interviews also suggest that the developmental phase of the child influences the development of post-traumatic stress. These interviews suggest that witnessing a homicide impairs the child’s ability to grieve because they tend to focus on the mode of death which disrupts thoughts about the deceased. The sample in this study is small so it only represents a small population. The limitations also include the fact that the study was only performed in a specific community therefore it limits the generalizability of the study.The sample was selected purposefully because they chose to focus only on children who witness the homicide of a parent. Eppler (2008) performed a study to explore the themes of resilie ncy in children after the death of a parent. After the death of a parent many children experience difficulty grieving. They may experience feelings such as shock, guilt, and anger. They may lash out at their peers for a topic other than death. Eppler (2008) reviewed several literature related to bereaved children and their experiences. He found that children who experienced the lost of a parent display lower levels of self esteem and self efficacy.The purpose of this study was to explore qualities of resiliency in children. The research question that guided this study was â€Å"What resilience factors are identifiable in the stories of grieving children? † (Eppler, 2008). The sample included 12 bereaved children who loss a parent within the past 36 months. The children were between the ages of 9 and 12 years old. There were 7 female and 5 male participants. The sample was collected purposefully to broaden the understanding of children who experience grief. The participants we re individually interviewed after gaining the parent’s or guardian’s written consent.The children were asked questions related to life before the death, how they found out about the death, their current situations, and what they thought would happen in the future. They were asked to write their stories after answering the questions. The author analyzed the data by reading and rereading the transcripts, notes, and stories. He also increased validity by directly quoting the participants. Eppler (2008) found that sadness was the dominate theme reported when a parent dies. The children in this study also reported that they see themselves as happy, nice, helpful, normal, and fun.Most of the children reported that they had support from immediate family, extended family, school, and some peers. Children that reported a full range of emotions and a support system did not seem to focus on sadness, fear, anger, and isolation. Limitations of this study include that children from one developmental age group participated in the study. There should be studies done to examine resilient factors in adolescents and younger children. This study is also not generalizable to other ethnic groups because the majority of the sample was White. There was one participant who was African American.It is important that other studies be done to include other ethnic groups. Quantitative Research Children who experience the death of a parent may have problems adjusting to the new lifestyle. They tend to develop psychological and social problems. Children who experience the death of parent through accidental or sudden death may experience depression symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder. A longitudinal study conducted by Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, Walker (2009) examined the effects of grief on children 21 months after parental death. A previous study was conducted by them nine months after the death of a parent.The questions that guided this study is 1) what are the predictors and pathways of depression and post traumatic stress disorder in parentally bereaved children and 2) does children of parents who died of suicide, accidents, or sudden natural death show a difference in the incidence and course of depression. Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, & Walker (2009) hypothesized that youth who lost a parent to death would continue to show a higher prevalence and symptom severity of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder than non bereaved children 21 months after the death of a parent.They also hypothesized that children who parents died by suicide would show higher prevalence of depression and that predictors would include stressful life events, negative coping, low social support, and prior history of depression. The sample consisted of 176 children of parents who died by suicide, accident, or sudden natural death and 168 children of parents who both are still alive. The participants were recruited through coroner’s reports and newspaper advertise ments. The participants were interviewed two times, once at nine months after the death and once at 21 months after the death.They were assessed on socioeconomic status and household income, psychiatric disorders, experiences surrounding the death, severity of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation, and family cohesion, social support, coping, and self-esteem. The results supported the hypothesis that parentally bereave children would show a higher prevalence of depression and post traumatic stress disorder than non-bereaved children. Children whose parents died by suicide and accidents showed a higher rate of major depression than the comparison group (Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, Walker, 2009).They found that the incidence of PTSD was higher in the bereaved group than the comparison groups during the first nine months but not during the 21 month follow up. The rate of incident depression was higher in the children who lost a parent to suicide than in those who lost a parent to sudden natural death which supports the second hypothesis made by the authors. One limitation of the study is that the majority of the subjects is Caucasian and does not include homicides therefore it limits the generalizability.Although the participants were randomly selected the Hawthorne effect could have took place. Participants that knew they are a part of a study could have act differently. A study conducted by Raveis, Siegel, & Karus (1998) conducted a study to examine the potential predictors of children’s psychosocial adjustment to parental death. The predictors examined include the child’s age, child’s gender, deceased parent gender, time since death, length of illness, presence of siblings, and parental communication. The authors reviewed literature related to bereaved children.They found that younger children and those in early adolescence appear to have poor adjustment to parental death. They also found some controver sy regarding the child’s gender. Ravels, Siegal, & Karus, (1998) stated that some studies reported that girls are more vulnerable to poor adjustment following the death of a parent where other studies found that boys are more vulnerable to poor adjustment. One study found no difference in gender at all and another study found that the deceased parent gender may affect the way they adjust.The sample used in this study consisted of 83 families with school age children whose parent died of cancer. They conducted interviews with the surviving parent and the child. They also had the child of the deceased parent to complete the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Youths (STAIY) if they were 12 years or older or the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) if they were 11 years or younger. The results of this study suggested that the bereaved children whose surviving parent have an open level of communication have a lo wer level of distress.The gender of the child correlated with depression with girls reporting higher levels of symptom than boys. Anxiety correlated with the age of the child with older children reporting lower levels of anxiety than younger children. One limitation of this study is that it is solely relying on the answers provided by the surviving parent and the children which can become unreliable. Also the families participating in the study is predominantly White and middle or upper class. The socioeconomic factors may affect the children’s adjustment process differently.The last limitation is that the deceased parent died due to cancer. Other causes of death such as accidents, homicides, or other natural illness may yield different results. McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, (2009) conducted a study to evaluated the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in children who have lost a parent to death. They compared the results of ch ildren who lost a parent to sudden/violent death to those who lost a parent to expected death.The questions that guided this research are 1) Do children who experience an expected death of a parent suffer from Childhood Traumatic Grief (CTG) to the same extent as those children who lose a parent to a sudden or violent death, 2) Do children who experience an expected death of a parent suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) symptoms to the same extent as those children who lose a parent to a sudden and/or violent death, and 3) To what extent do parentally bereaved children experience CTG and PTSD symptoms. The sample used in this study consisted of 158 parentally bereaved children ages 7-16.The children completed the University of California at Los Angeles Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for DSM-IV to measure PTSD symptoms and the Extended Grief Inventory (EGI) to measure CTG symptoms. The results of this study showed that the incidence of PTSD and CTG was no t different in children who had experienced an expected loss of a parent compared to those who had experienced a violent or sudden death (McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, 2009). Children who experience both expected and unexpected losses showed signs of PTSD and CTG symptoms. African American children exhibit CTG symptoms at a higher degree than White children.This study suggested that elementary school children have higher CTG symptoms than older children. One limitation is that of generalizability because a purposive sample was used. The sample was recruited from bereavement camps therefore it is likely that those parents who were having more issues with their bereaved child were most likely to register their children up for bereavement camp. Another limitation includes the measurement tool. The EGI is a newly developed instrument and its psychometric properties have not been fully investigated (McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, 2009). ConclusionUnderstanding how children are affecte d by the death of a parent in essential to those professionals who work with children. Studies have shown that children are indeed affected by the loss of a parent whether it is a sudden death or expected death. Depression symptoms and post traumatic stress disorder symptoms are the most common problems that parentally bereaved children experience. They also experience behavioral problems such as aggression, acting out, lashing out at others, etc. These problems can result in academic problems in school. Parental death not only has immediate effects on children but long term effects as well.There are many factors that affect the way children adjust to parental death including age, gender, adjustment of surviving parent, circumstances of death, etc, professionals working with children needs to understand that all children react different to parental death so the needs of the children are different. Overall children need to be allowed to grieve in their own way, they need to be able t o communicate with the surviving parent about the death, and they need support from others beside family because family members are usually tending to their own grief.The needs of children who experience parental death are important for those professional to develop prevention and intervention strategies to eliminate the development of emotional and social problems. Therefore further researcher is important to develop a better understanding of parentally bereaved children. Annotated Bibliography Ayyash-Abdo, H. (2001). Childhood Bereavement: What School Psychologists Need to Know. School Psychology International , 27 (4), 417-433. This article is a review of literature on children's conception of death, factors influencing the conceptions of death, and reactions to the death of a parent.This article also provides intervention strategies including play therapy, bibliotherapy, and group therapy for school counselors to utilize when working with bereaved children. Brent, D. , Methem, N . , Donohoe, M. B. , ;amp; Walker, M. (2009). The Incidence and Course of Depression in Bereaved Youth 21 Months After the Loss of a Parent to Sucide, Accident, or Sudden Death. The American Journal of Psychiatry , 166 (7), 786-794. This study was performed to compare the incidence and course of depression between those children who lost a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death.One hundred and twenty six children, ages 7-26, who experienced the death of a parent and 168 non-bereaved children were the participants in this study. Children who loss a parent to death were more vulnerable to depression and alcohol or substance abuse. Eppler, C. (2008). Exploring themes of Resiliency in Children Affte the Death of a Parent. Professional School Counseling , 11 (3), 189-196. This is a qualitative study to explore how quickly children recover after the death of a parent. Twelve children, who experienced the death of parent in the past 36 months was interviewed while the session s were recorded.They also were asked to write story about the death of their parent. Sadness was a theme that was reported by all the participants. They also had a range of emotions. Children who have helpful support systems does not focus on sadness or anger but see themselves as happy and normal. Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, ;amp; Robert. (1994). Children Who Witness the Homicide of a Parent. Psychiatry , 57 (4), 287. This article is a qualitative study that evaluated children who witness the homicide of a parent. Fifty-five children and adolescents were interviewed.This study showed that children who witness the death of a parent results in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. It also showed that the developmental phase of the child effects the PTSD symptoms found in these children. Hope, R. M. , ;amp; Hodge, D. M. (2006). Factors Affecting Children's Adjustment to the Death of a Parent: The Social Work Professional's Viewpoint. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 23 (1), 107. This qualitative study was performed to explore the factors that affect children's adjustment to the death of a parent.The authors interviewed professional social workers with 11/2 to 22 years of experience working with bereaved children. Age, gender, circumstances of the death, and the adjustment of the caregiver are the factors that was explored. The social workers interviewed had similar observations regarding the factors that affect the adjustments of children who experience the loss of a parent. McClatchy, I. S. , Vonk, M. E. , & Palady, G. (2009). The Prevalence of Childhood Traumatic Grief- A Comparison of Violent/Sudden and Expeted Loss. Omega , 59 (4), 305-323.This study compared the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of those children who lost a parent to violent/sudden death and those children who expected the loss of a parent. There were 158 children that participated in the study. Sixty-three children lost a parent to expected death and 60 percent of the children lost a parent to a sudden or violent death. The incidence of CTG and PTSD did not differ in children who experienced sudden/violent loss of a parent from those who experienced an expected loss. Ravels, V. , Siegal, K. , & Karus, D. (1999).Children's Psychological Distress Following the Death of a Parent. Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 28 (2), 165. This article focused on the families with children who had a parent die of cancer. The children psychological distress was examined in this article. The authors of this article focused on the attributes of the family environment and what role it plays in the distress of the child. Another factor is the circumstances surrounding the death of the parent. Eighty-three families participated in this study. The level of distress in the bereaved child was found to be affected by the way the child perceives the surviving parent.Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , Kalter, N. , ;amp; Lohanes, K. (1999). Anticipating Parental Death in Families with Young Children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 (1), 39-48. This article focused on the children who are losing a parent to illness and the association of mental health outcomes of these children. The sample included 41 families. The authors of the article interviewed the surviving parent and gave the children self repots to complete. Anticipating the death was associated with better mental outcomes that sudden death according to the authors.

Religious Health Care Essay

The engagement of spiritual dimension within the healthcare system has shaped the way through which patients recover and show more positive results within the health organizations. Over the past years, the goal of religion in medicine and spirituality encompass diverse medical practices like pastoral counseling, use of prayer and meditation in healing, evoking compassion and forgiveness and also health professional who work with them. Therefore, it is seen that Religious Health Care gives much emphasis on importance of bringing spirituality into the healing process. This paper identifies and discusses matters from the reaction that must be put into further consideration by the consultant team and the discussion made by governing board and the CEO. 2.0 Description of important element of the governing board’s agenda for areas of improvement in core functions Nurses, as the core professionals in Religious Health Care should have the following job skills and carry out the following duties as it was discussed by the board’s governing agenda (Optimizing Performance and Quality, 2012). The assumptions made was that: i. The resident/patient population complex in nature, frail and experiences many dysfunctions and illness. ii. It is imperative when it comes to identification of essential mix of management/administrative skills, decision making skills, ethical principles and fiscal management knowledge that nurses must have in order to manage and administer long-term care facility. The following five agenda’s was discussed about the tasks and the responsibilities of Nursing Home Administrators who will be ensuring that nurses work effectively at Religious Healthcare (Quality of care, 2006): (a) Quality of Life and Resident Care Ensure that all the nursing services are thoroughly evaluated, planned and  implemented so that it could maximize both quality of care and resident quality of life. Ensure that programs related to social services are thoroughly evaluated, planned and subsequently implemented so as to meet social and psychological preferences and the needs of residents with the aim of maximizing quality of care and quality of life. Macke sure that programs related to food services is thoroughly evaluated, planned and implemented to meet nutritional needs of the patients within health organization for the sake of maximizing both quality of care and quality of life. Ensure that programs related to therapeutic activities are thoroughly evaluated, planed and implemented so as to meet the interests of the patients so as to maximize the quality of care amid the quality of life. The nurse in leadership will be responsible for ensuring that information management programs is evaluated, planned and implemented so as to arrive at documentation requirements. Make sure that Residential Rights are integrated with every aspect of resident care. Always ensure that the facilities within the health organization comply with local, state, as well as federal regulations and stipulated standards. Monitor, identify and ensure that the quality indicators are utilized with the aim of maximizing effectiveness in services delivery to patients. Ensure review, development and implementation of the resident procedures and policies. Make sure that the health facilities within the organization are in par with local state and federal regulations and standards (Long Term Care, 2010). (b) Human Resources Nursing Home Administrators within Religious healthcare shall facilitate the process of communication between the staff and management through counseling and coaching. Shall be ensuring that all the programs pertaining human resources are evaluated, planned and implemented to meet cultural diversity of the patients. Responsible in monitoring of programs, development and implementation of programs with the sole aim of benefitting the staff. Carry out investigations to make sure that human resource management programs and policies are planned and implemented in accordance with the federal laws regulations and entities. Developing and implementing of employee safety and health programs so as to provide good working environment Developing, monitoring and implementing, recruitment, evaluation, development, provision of resident services to the nurses within the health organization so as to  ensure job satisfaction. (c) Finance Utilizes f fiscal resources through effective management and development of annual operation and development of capital budgets. Extensive implementation and development of financial system, procedures and policies to monitor and evaluate financial performance for instance resident trust and account payable. Implement, interpret and with financial aspects of any contractual agreement such as consultative services, vendor, managed care and organized labor. Management of reporting systems and financial audit such as information systems, charitability and cooperate compliance. Ensure that all the facilities records are highly protected for instance risk management and insurance coverage. Facilitate the education and training of staff in areas related to the financial management. (d) Atmosphere and Physical Environment Shall be ensuring hat systems for improving and maintaining buildings, equipment and grounds are evaluated, planed and implemented accordingly. Provision of attractive and clean facilities and conducive environment for patients and the staff. Monitoring the environment to ensure that safety programs are implemented for safety, welfare and health for visitors’ staff and patients who attend health organization. Residents right integration with much emphasis on facility environment. Ensuring that the policies, implementation and developments comply with the environmental procedures and policies. Making sure that the facilities within the health organization complies with the local, state, as well as federal regulations and standards such as the Life Safety Code, CMS, OSHA and ADA. Implementation and development of comprehensive preventative maintenance programs. (e) Management and Leadership Ensuring that all the policies and procedures are developed in compliance with the governing entities and directives. Ensuring that all the policies and procedures are in compliance with the local, state, as well as federal rules and regulations. Evaluate, monitor and observe the impacts of the entire facility’s programs, procedures and policies so as to fulfill administrative responsibility such as license and professional  responsibility. Carry out administrative review of survey impacts so as to come up with appropriate impacts such as Informal Dispute Resolution documentation, plan for correction and no response. Carry out education of nursing home board in respect to their responsibilities and roles and pay attention to their daily actions to ensure that they adhere to the regulations and by-laws. Carry out the administrative oversight of the entire survey process. Be a team leader in professional development activities. Provide leadership skills for key staff and management team. Manage the resources and ensure that they are adequate so as to promote quality of life and comprehensive marketing. 3.0 Performance dimension that Religious Health Care could use to improve overall institutional performance The major goal of improving individual or institutional performance in the healthcare organization is to provide sustainable and quality services for the clients. Health system in this regard is a large umbrella, which covers people, organizations and the measures, which is strived for maintaining, restoring, or promoting health. Therefore, improving of the performance of such general elements of the health system will ultimately contribute to positive health outcomes. Performance dimension is the process within the health organization through which the performance of system, organizations and workers are set up with the aim of improving quality and performance or success and strength of the healthcare system. It is the continuous and systematic process through which the outside stakeholders judge the performance of a given health institution. The stakeholders (external environment, health workers, organization, community and clients) identify strengths and gaps so as to identify root causes using tools for exploration of factors, which in essence determine performance. There are various strategies through which the Religious Healthcare could do to improve the overall institutional performance (Everybody’s business, 2007): Consider context- clients, health workers, organization, and community and external environment The management team of Religious Healthcare must understand that the community and external environment plays a vital role towards the success of the organization. This includes the perspective of health workers or employees, the community, the clients and the organizational structure  served by the organization. As the managers get familiar with such external and community factor, the desired performance will be contributed. Research shows that there are many variables, which determine the ability of health organization individual employees and teams to perform within an organization. While some of the factors are beyond control, the positive steps by the healthcare groups or organizations however can improve most of them. Some of the factors include the following: Social norms such as the ethnicity, religion, class culture and gender Accreditation or Licensing processes or requirement. Local and national infrastructure such as sanitation, water, telecom, energy and transportation. Unpredicted change in political in local and national government. National standards, regulation, policies and the scope of work. Identification of strengths and gaps This involves the process through which the Religious Healthcare can possibly improve the performance by defining the desired performance, assessment of quality and performance and comparison of the various levels with the intention of establishing the strengths and weaknesses. Successful organization usually uses international or national standards and guidelines for setting up the desired standards. Such cooperative work for definition of performance is necessary especially when it comes to building consensus amongst stakeholders and the achievement of the desired goals. It also acts as an initial stage of the evaluation plan that determines lies out to be rated before and after interventions (Everybody’s business, 2007). Identifying performance of the health care organization will adequately become simpler when compared using different levels of performance. Evaluation and monitoring of the progress The Religious Healthcare can steadily monitor the progress of the performance through evaluation and monitoring so as to spot any changes in the performance gap. It is however necessary to spot changes at each and every step of the process so that any adjustment can be made in the course of the progress. For example, if a certain employee does not perform, as she/he is required, appropriate measures can be taken to rectify the situation. To  achieve such, the management should develop an evaluation plan which will then be integrated into the workplace process to act as a continuous feedback tool used to measure changes and quality within the Religious Health Education. Final judgment should measure against the level performance amongst the workers and specifically determine the gaps in gender equality have been strengthen and closed due to intervention. It should also delineate the broader outcomes like increased productivity or improved health outcomes (Competing Values of Emergen cy Department Performance, 2004). 4.0 Performance Measures Religious Healthcare could use to Evaluate Nursing Staff Performance in its Emergency Room The effectiveness of emergency department to responds to critical needs of the patients is very important. To respond to the current dynamic environmental changes in the healthcare system, emergency departments should be very flexible and ready to adapt flexible changing models of health care delivery. Cross-sectional survey methods can be used to analyze and describe the performance of the nurses in the Religious Healthcare. Two groups (of stakeholders) will be necessary during the evaluation: community stakeholders (paramedics and homecare) and hospital stakeholders (managers, nurses and physicians). Estimates of the design effect and sample size will be used in determining the realistic number of the prospective sampling units. Descriptive statistics will then be used to analyze characteristics and to make the comparisons of the outcomes in each section. 5.0 Strategies Religious Health Care could implement to enhance its public image and increase market share To increase its performance and win the market share, there are number of steps, which the Religious Healthcare could use. Foremost is the strategic planning. Strategic planning provides the basis of good foundation to the entire health program. Effective planning will ultimately help the Religious Health organization to improve performance. (Making Health Communication Programs Work, 2010): Become aware of the critical health issues, which need to be addressed. Set priorities which will be the foundation of the progress of the organization Derive communication programs which is crucial for the smooth running of the organization Establish the role, which the communication plays in the health communication. 6.0 Critical management  issues, purpose, functions, and performance measures of different departments within healthcare organizations The recent changes in the nature of the healthcare organizations like meeting strict guidelines, improving the quality of care and pressures to reduce cost has forced many health organizations to reconsider how they evaluate their performance. The most effective systems in the organization align organizational resources and units as well as integrate the initiatives. Therefore, three areas that needed to be addressed in the organization’s needs (Casta,1999): To guide a given health organization to a particular direction To effectively manage all the resources needed to travel in such direction To operate all the processes which make the particular health organization work. References Casta, K. (1999). Performance Measurement in Healthcare. Retrieved on November 29, 2013, from http://www.qualitydigest.com/may99/html/body_health.html Competing Values of Emergency Department Performance: Balancing Multiple StakeholderPerspectives. (2004). Retrieved on November 29, 2013, fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361037/ Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’sframework for action. (2007). Retrieved on November 29, 2013, fromhttp://www.who.int/healthsystems/strategy/everybodys_business.pdf White, K. R., & Griffith, J. R. (n.d.). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization Seventh Edition. Chicago, Illinois: Health Administration Press. Etheridge, L. (n.d.). Long Term Care. (2010). Retrieved on November 29, 2013, fromwww.achca.org/content/pdf/LTCPLC_Core_Func-R_6-07lw.pdf Making Health Communication Programs Work. (2010) Retrieved on November 29, 2013, fromhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/pinkbook/page5 Martin, J. (2001). Team Performance in the emergency room: assessment of inter-disciplinaryattitudes. Retrieved on November 29, 2013 fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11334690 Optimizing Performance and Quality. (2012). Retrieved on November 29, 2013, fromwww.intrahealth.org/ files/ media/ optimizing-performance-and-quality/OPQ_FINAL.pdf Quality of care: a process for making strategic choices in health systems. (2006). Retrieved onNovember 29, 2013 from http://www.who.int/management/quality/assurance/QualityCare_B

Education as a social institution

Although today we learn basic but Important things we need to know In order to be accepted In society. Through education social Institutions we learn to read, write, and speak; these seemingly simple tasks are tasks we need for Just about any occupation today. Education as a social Institution affects me every school day. On my academic days I take part In education as the student, while on tech days I take part In education as the teacher. I really like the teaching style In the united states: also I enjoyed learning about the different teaching styles used in other parts of the world.Japan's teaching style was very intriguing to me. I believe the U. S. Would benefit immensely from taking principles from Japan into our educational social institutions. I was fascinated with the solidarity with the group that is stressed in Japan's education system. I'm impressed with how much responsibility the Japanese children have, and would really like to see our younger generations grow up to be like that too. As a teacher, the rising problems in U. S. Education worry me as I think about future generations. I feel that mediocrity is mediocre.I strongly believe that students should work hard for their grades, and not get them handed to them by lowering the passing grade. If we continue to lower the grades our population will become less educated. I am also concerned about the violence in our schools today. Safety wasn't always an issue in schools, so why have we allowed so much violence in that it is an issue? Seeing a cop pace through halls with a mission is intimidating to students, and wouldn't be happening if there was no violence at all in schools. I believe schools would do more to prevent violence from even coming close to schools.On the other hand, as a student, I'm guilty of being accepting to grades I get when a teacher uses a curve. As a student I take advantage of education as a social Institution. Although education is a very critical part of a student's life, I feel all of us don't give it the credit it deserves. Education as a social Institution teaches us more than English, Math, and Science; our schools teach us norms, taboos, and how to behave In our culture. I believe education Is the most Important social Institution In our society. Education as a social institution By allowing If you think about it, we would not get very far in life if we didn't have education social institutions. It's understandable that obviously earlier societies did it before education became a social institution. Although today we learn basic but important things we need to know in order to be accepted in society. Through education social institutions we learn to read, write, and speak; these seemingly simple tasks are tasks Education as a social institution affects me every school day.On my academic days I take part in education as the student, while on tech days I take part in education as the teacher. I really like the teaching style in the United States; also I enjoyed wouldn't be happening if there was no violence at all in schools. I believe schools institution. Although education is a very critical part of a student's life, I feel all of us don't give it the credit it deserves. Education as a social institution teaches us more behave in our culture.

Persuasive Memo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive Memo - Research Paper Example On the side of the company, the Affordable Care Act helps the company to attract more employees. These employees will want to apply for jobs in the company, this is because they know that there is good health insurance policy. If the Act is not active, this potential manpower will not be interested in the company. It is also an advantage to the company as the existing manpower will continue to serve in the company. This is because they are aware of the health insurance. Increase in productivity will be experienced by the company. This is the other thing that the company will benefit from the Affordable Care Act. This will be experienced as the number of employees increase in the company. This is because there will be enough manpower in the company. The Act will also reduce the number of absentees. Many of the employees will never want to be absent as they are aware of the Act (Burkhauser, 32). When an employer thinks of changing the company’s system, she should think of the expenses she will have to come across. Changing the system to have part-time employees will cost a lot to the company as the employees will need training before they are effective to their respective jobs. This will raise a marginal cost even if the part-time employees don’t change the system (Burkhauser, 92). In this Act, there is the employers’ mandate. This is a penalty made for those employers who do not abide by these rules. These are employers who have 50 and above employees in their firms and working full-time while they are not having the health insurance. These are also those employers who have the intension if changing their current health insurance system. The employers’ mandate ensures that the existing systems of these companies don’t change. There is a suggestion that a system of pay to play will be introduced so as to have direct taxation on the companies that do not obey this act. This can be done by having a percentage o the payrolls (Faguet,

DISCUSS THE NURSING ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH Essay

DISCUSS THE NURSING ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIA EMERGENCY - Essay Example nerves, and blood vessels. Pancreas: The pancreas is a gland that lies behind the stomach; it is a compound gland with both exocrine and endocrine components. The endocrine component is secreted in the islets of Langerhans, and this comprises of two hormones, glucagon and insulin. Within the islets, there are beta cells that secrete insulin (A Dictionary of Nursing, 2003).Pathophysiology of Diabetes: Diabetes results from deficient insulin secretion, decreased insulin action, or both. Many causative pathologic processes may be involved ranging from autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas to incompletely understood processes that result in insulin resistance. In both the mechanisms, there is strong evidence of a genetic counterpart. Whatever may be the mechanism of injury, deficiency of insulin leads to production of large volume of urine and excessive thirst. The excess sugar in the blood draws water, and the excess sugar starts appearing in urine, thereby leading to a loss of sugar in the urine. This results in weight loss, and the patient not only becomes thirsty, but also hungry. (A Dictionary of Nursing, 2003). Types of Diabetes Mellitus: Depending on the pathologic mechanism causing diabetes, diabetes has been classified into two types. One, where there is absolute deficiency of insulin due to destruction of islet cells, so the patients are entirely dependent on insulin for counteracting this deficiency state. This usually starts in childhood or adolescence, and this is termed as IDDM or insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes mellitus. The other, where there is insulin resistance and... "hypoglycaemia n."Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2002. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.British Council Delhi.2 May 2007http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.htmlsubview=Main&entry=t60.e4784 "insulin n."Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2002. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.British Council Delhi.2 May 2007http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.htmlsubview=Main&entry=t60.e5064 "pancreas n."A Dictionary of Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2003. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.British Council Delhi.2 May 2007http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.htmlsubview=Main&entry=t62.e6551

Written Business Communication (Peer Response #1) Assignment

Written Business Communication (Peer Response #1) - Assignment Example A proper management that would ensure systematic logging and planting of trees is an example. Regulated logging and plantation that would ensure sustainability of a safe percentage of the vegetation, based on scientific survey, would provide jobs for logging services and the plantation and management of growing trees and at the same time meet the interest of logging companies, authorities, and political stakeholders. The alternative further integrates your initial proposal but improves it by ensuring immediate implementation. In addition, the proposal has more benefits because it will offer opportunities for improving the vegetation, based on tourists taste and preferences, for more effective tourist attraction. New varieties of trees that can attract more tourists can be planted in the region to boost tourism and other improvements can be done on the area than when it previously had limited room for innovation. The proposal is based on the utilitarian concept that advocates for maximum benefit, of decisions or actions, to a majority of members of the society (Brooks and Dunn,

A Review of Literature on How to Manage International Joint Venture

A of on How to Manage International Joint Venture Successfully - Literature review Example An IJV represents a relationship between voluntary cooperative partner companies, in which these companies maintain their independence and objectives. However, in the frame strategic alliances, an antonym of cooperative behavior is opportunistic behavior, the latter being understood as mismatch of expectations and preferences (current or future) of one partner (Michael and Louis, 1989). Key moderating measures of opportunism are increased control over the IJV by members in order to receive a portion of fair income (Feya and Beamishb, 1999). Discussion Among the various models of cooperation, international joint ventures are considered as the preferred mode of entry by firms (Reinier and Maria, 2009). However, the rate of failure of these organizational forms remains high. In addition, the IJVs are known for their fragility and their heterogeneous performance (Reinier and Maria, 2009). Several cases of IJV experience a failure due to the emergence of a conflict between the partners. A mong these cases, we can cite the example of the partnership between the French group Danone and Chinese Wahaha established in the beverage industry (Pothukuchi et al., 2002). The two groups signed an agreement in 1996 to create a joint venture, Wahaha Joint Venture Company, with 51% owned by Danone and 49% owned by the Chinese partner. After nearly a decade of fruitful collaboration, the relationship deteriorated and conflicts erupted in 2006. Indeed, Danone discovered that its partner violated non-competition clauses specified in the contract. The Chinese products are similar to those marketed by Danone. This conflict led the transfer in 2009 of shares in Danone joint entity with its Chinese partner. Studies on international joint ventures have dealt with various topics: the choice of partner, the formation of international joint venture, control mechanisms and inter-firm trust and the performance of the alliance. Some of them are focused on the instability of IJV (Reinier and Mar ia, 2009) and particularly on the determinants that affect the outcome of this relationship. In contrast to our knowledge, a few studies have attempted to introduce management tools that can help enterprises to manage conflicts. In this context, the work of Mjoen and Tallman (2003) proposed a management tool change during the phase of post-merger integration and acquisition. The purpose of this article is to provide the first theoretical approach to educating managers of joint ventures to develop management tools to manage crisis conflicts. These conflicts can occur throughout the formation process of IJV, hence the need to mobilize. Indeed, despite the large number of conflict researches and those on IJV crisis management, few of them are interested in bringing these two issues together (Mjoen and Tallman, 2003). It is in this context that our research will follow the following plan: firstly, this research focuses on the instability and conflict in the IJV and secondly, this resear ch provides the tools of crisis management and discusses how to better manage the conflict within the framework of the partnership relations. The International Joint Ventures and Conflict The Instability of International Joint Ventures The international joint venture is a form of alliance between companies involving creation of a new independent legal structure

To what extent can we learn about daily life of people living in York Essay - 1

To what extent can we learn about daily life of people living in York during the years - Essay Example It is declared how everybody’s face in the town wore the matching expression of surprise and restlessness. Everywhere orders were going out to gather more volunteers to be sent in the military to increase the strength if the army and militaries started preparing at a staggering pace to strike at the shortest notice. Facts and discussion presented in this essay are meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"myriad accounts related to the state of life and public affairs in York at the time the war of 1812 got announced are quite at length contemplated in the documents of Edith G. Firth and because they are presented in a reflective, insightful, and authentic manner, they form a considerably valued historical source.† It is claimed in the extracts from regimental orders by Lieut. Colonel Chewett3 how the war soon turned out to be unhappy, destructive, and paralyzing and negatively interfered with the lives of a large number of common people and the soldiers. A large number of soldiers daily used to get sick because all the regulars were ordered to the lines to actively participate in the war against the US and after every week or two the soldiers were marched off to new destinations to be replaced by new men from the Country to keep the scene continually changing and managing a fresh line of energy filled enthusiastic soldiers. Though Lieut. Colonel Chewett states in his account that he had very little opportunity to interact with the soldiers at a larger level still this much remained clear that the unhappy war in which we are engaged has called all the regulars to the lines, and the Militia after remaining a week or two in garrison here are marched off.4 This means that a lot many volunteers fr om common public obviously had to be required as a way of trying to change the garrison constantly and this must have

Supervisor Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supervisor Development - Essay Example also make my team members feel rewarded and research has it that an employee’s motivation depends on this expectation that his/her efforts will lead to a valued reward (Mathis, Jackson, & Valentine, 2013, p. 127). I aim to develop a hands-on leading style which would not be about supervision alone, but also turning difference of opinion into quality performance. As a conscientious supervisor, I also believe that developing a solid relationship with team members is exceedingly important. This is where human relations skills could offer real value. I will try to refine my skills in this area by using the tool of good communication. I will relate with my team members in a way that would make them feel like they are being positively influenced instead of being forced to comply with orders. Skills based on participative leadership and good relationship will enable me in supervising my team because they both promote supervision based on

Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lab report - Essay Example The method of tensile testing is conducted by a ‘tensile testor’ in which the test specimen is clamped and loaded and subjected to a tensile force until the point of failure. ‘Stress-strain curves are an extremely important graphical measure of a material’s mechanical properties’ (Roylance, 2001). Stress is defined as the force of resistance offered against the deformation and Strain is defined as the ratio of the change in length to the original length of the member (Ramamrutham, 2003). The stress-strain curve for the specimen is an important method of characterizing the behavior of the material and adjudging its suitability as a material for any function. Almost all the materials, obey Hooke’s law in the early portion of the curve i.e. at low strain which states that stress is proportional to strain with the constant of proportionality being the Young’s modulus, E: Stress = Strain ? Young’s Modulus. As the strain increases, the linear proportionality comes to an end at a point termed as the proportional limit and marks the beginning of the plastic phase rearrangement of the specimen. Plasticity requires molecular mobility and materials lacking this mobility are usually brittle rather than ductile. â€Å"Polymeric materials behave both as viscous fluids as well as elastic solids. They are viscoelastic materials† (Koustos, 2002). The stress-strain curve of a polymer is different from those of other materials. The critical point in the stress-strain curve is the yield point beyond which the material enters the plastic deformation state. Experimentation The experiment was conducted to obtain the stress-strain curve of polymer samples and study their behavior under the application of tensile force. For this test, polymer samples were loaded and clamped in the tensile testing machine. The tensile testing machine that was used was Instron 1026. The tensile testing machine pulls the sample from both ends an d measures the force required to pull the specimen apart and how much the sample stretches before breaking. The testing was done on four different specimens: PE (polyethylene – from a shopping bag), PP (polypropylene – from plastic folder), Rubber (natural rubber – from a rubber band) and Acetate (cellulose acetate – from an overhead transparency). The specimens were obtained by cutting the polymer samples into appropriate lengths. The thickness and width of the samples were measured before stretching each one of them and putting them in the tensile tester. The dimensions of the specimens are taken with the aid of calipers for precision. Results and Discussion The stress-strain curves for the various test specimens are as follows: Figure 1: Stress-Strain Curve of Rubber (Poly-Isoprene) Figure 2: Stress-Strain Curve of Acetate (Cellulose Acetate) Figure 3: Stress-Strain Curve of PE (Polyethylene) Figure 4: Stress-Strain Curve of PP (Polypropylene) S. no. T est name Tensile Strength (MPa) Elongation at failure 1 PE 11.1 26% 2 PP 23.5 738% 3 Rubber 4.1 575% 4 Acetate 1 181.9 131% 5 Acetate 2 297.3 114% 6 Acetate 3 166.9 93% It can be observed from the graphs that the stress-strain curve of acetate was obtained thrice. The possible explanation for this can be that cellulose acetate exhibits different tensile strengths at different states – dry, wet & after being boiled (Stadlinger). The difference in

A Big Responsibility During Our Development Primarily in the Essay

A Big Responsibility During Our Development Primarily in the Intrauterine Life - Essay Example When a woman becomes pregnant it is of normal concern for her if she will become a good mother to her child. It particularly occurs to a woman being pregnant for the first time. There will be some queries of how she will handle her newborn. Stoppard states that â€Å" the most common anxiety is simply fear of parenthood – of whether you will be a good parent and of whether you can cope with bringing up a child, and on top of this will be the worry about your child’s happiness if you don’t make a good job of it† (11). Some men, on the other hand, also admit it is not easy to become a father. Men â€Å"have difficulty bonding with an infant until as late as three months after the birth, when the child can smile or coo and interact more directly with them. Parent’s ability to reach out can be strengthened by allowing them to touch and spend time with the new child in the first few hours of life† (Pillitteri 581). Parenting starts right after the baby is born. They should allocate enough time especially now that they have a new member of the family. Furthermore, there will be a lot of lifestyle changes that will happen in their life. Gone were those expensive holidays and the groovy night-outs and replaced with the time for the baby giving all the necessities needed. â€Å"It will almost be a complete reversal of lifestyle, and at first it may not be easy to accept† (Stoppard 13). Nothing can best describe how parents outlive the hardships they have encountered just to provide enough attention to their child. In other words, being a parent is a sacrificial responsibility not only for the benefit of his/her child but, including the whole family as well.

Domestic Violence among African Americans Essay Example for Free

Domestic Violence among African Americans Essay Domestic violence is abuse that occurs within a personal relationship. It can occur between former or current spouses or significant others. Domestic violence doesn’t have a name it affects both men and women of any race, religion; gay or straight; upper class or low class; adolescents, adults, or seniors. But most of its victims are women rather men. While domestic violence is present in all races, the existence among African Americans is significantly higher in the United States. There are many elements that have been shown to stimulate a person to engage in domestic violence examples are failing relationships, lack of employment, poor school systems, violent communities, drug use and the multitude of nearby accessible liquor stores. Experiencing any these situations can lead to strong emotions that can ultimately result in domestic violence. People who experience domestic violence are deeply affected and often live in fear. This plague has broken down and destroyed many African American communities. There are serious physical and mental health risks involved in domestic Violence. Abortion, stress, unconsented sexual encounters, possible suicides, complicated pregnancies and murder are few possible physical results from domestic violence. (Bent-Goodley, 2004) Abuse, control and violence are components of domestic violence. Neither the abuser nor the person being abused are winners in these type of situations. The abuser actions shows characteristics of controlling, anger, oppressor, possessiveness, power and liar. The abusers victims are usually people that can be manipulated, scared and shielded by the abuser. Although the abuser may be an adult most often their mental capacity displays child like behavior. A child will typically throw fits and become angry when things don’t go their way or they didn’t get what they wanted. This anger that possess is shown through mental and physical abuse . Abuser are usually not very open people and they believe that are right in every situation. However, they never take the blame for their actions and tend to blame others, most often their spouse. The victims  of abuse tend to show characteristics of having low self-esteem, sadness and being unconfident about themselves. Often the victim believes that this type of physical and verbal abuse should be inflicted upon them. (Agazie, 2011) Generally, a victim or spouse show signs of previously experiencing an unstable and hostile childhood, and possibly being abused as a child. As a result, they feel like an unwanted and scared child who is weak, instead of like an adult. African Americans who survive domestic violence, child abuse and community violence consistently engage in various types substance abuse at higher rates. (Hill, et al, 2012) African American abusers who has previously used a weapon or threatened their spouse with one during arguments, will more than likely kill them by lethal violence. It is stated that 80% of African American women who have murdered their partners had a history of abuse. Violence and nonviolence have been proven behaviors that are learned. Social and cultural beliefs, outlooks on life, examples, role models influences on whether a person decides to engage in volatile or nonvolatile behavior. It is very key to know how a person elects to use violence or nonviolence. (Wimberly, 2000) Statistics have shown that African American women are more prone to leave an abusive relationship and then return to it compared to white women. (Agazie, 2011) African American women suffer mistreatment over a long period of time and have a tendencies fight back. Close to 50% of victims that attempt to leave their abusive relationship are killed by their partners. (Williams, et al, 2008) African American women are brought up as younger girls under strong religious belief and family values. They are taught at a young age that once you get married you do what it takes not to become a victim of divorce. They are told that it may not be easy but you are married for life once you have made that commitment. With this type of upbringing African American women tend to procrastinate and often hesitate leaving an unhealthy marriage due to their beliefs. Most people don’t not understand the reasoning behind women staying in this form of relationship. While the reasons for their reluctances to leave an abusive relationship are uncertain, some likely justifications would be (1) when searching for a spouse African American women have a smaller amount of choices than White women; (2) African American women’s income is normally lower than of most  White women; (3) Black women are reluctant to call the police due to the trust that African American in the justice system. Unfortunately, most battered and abused Black women find no other way out of the relationship and resort to killing their partners. Losing financial means may also contribute to the reason why African American women of lower class are reluctant to report abuse. The abusing spouse may take care of the victim financially by providing a place to stay, clothes and food and, in order to keep their current living status so they remain quiet about the abuse. Reputation may play a part in why African American women of higher class hesitate to report abuse because they don’t want to put their reputation at risk. Another reason why abused victims remain quiet is because they may not be taken serious by law enforcement. It has been confirmed that domestic violence is treated more like a private family matter rather than serious matter. Typically when law enforcement is called to a domestic violence scene, no arrest is usually made and if they are ever prosecuted the case is usually dismissed. (Hampton, et al, 2008) In many cases I have found that the African American community seems to accept, if not encourage, the domestic violence that exists within it. While it is easy to blame education or social rank for a couple’s behavior or society’s reaction to it, these factors are often not as important as one might expect. A woman with multiple degrees or at the highest level of social strata is as vulnerable to domestic violence as the woman who did not graduate form high school. It equally as likely for a man who is born to an upper middle class family and a man born to a family tha t lives in poverty to participate in an abusive relationship. The Black church has always and continues to be a pillar of strength to Black families and communities. The Black church has been a powerful force in the Black community. Domestic violence is a tough situation to endure, so many African Americans turn to prayer to cope with the difficulties in their lives. (Watlington Murphy, 2006) The Black church has been unreliable and, at times, inadequate in reacting to domestic violence situations. (Bent- Goodley, et al, 2012) For instance on August 22, 2007, Bishop Thomas Weeks, pastor of an independent ministry that worked out of the Global Destiny Church (Haines, 2007) assaulted his wife, Juanita Bynum. This assault is significant not only for the positions held by the participant, but also for the actions taken by the African American  community itself. According to Haines (2007) the community did not speak out against the pastor after the beating. Rather, some members of the community spoke in support for the pastor. Haines quotes one individual as posting a message to Weeks’ MySpace page that read, Bishop Weeks, dont be discouraged, but be encouraged. Stand firm and know that the Lord is mighty in battle†. Haines reports that another community member asked her own pastor about the Weeks domestic abuse case, only to find that â€Å"he had no reaction to the abuse and only provided him with scriptures.† making her wonder what he could offer her if she were a victim of domestic abuse (Haines, 2007). While this situation may be distressing, it is not unusual. According to Jordan (2005) â€Å"When African American men act as bullies toward African American women they tend to engage in active-passive renunciation†, which leaves abused women the choice of speaking out or being ostracized. What kind of message does this send? As a young girl I watched my mother be abused countless times by my very own father. She endured this abuse for many years and it appeared as though she would never leave him. It was as if she was accepting of it or had merely gotten used to it. Then one day after 13 years she left and didn’t look back. Although she didn’t speak out about it, she removed herself from the situation. Most of my family knew about the situation but never brought it up. Years later my father eventually changed for the better. I believe that change has to come from within. You can acquire help and assistance but until you want to change no one can help you. It is difficult to create successful programs and mediation approaches that are geared towards domestic violence without fully understanding how African Americans grasp and distinguish this disease. (Bent-Goodley, 2013) Domestic abuse is not distinctive to the African American community. As it stands, whether an African American woman is rich or poor, educated or not, she is at grave risk of being abused by her partner. As it stands, that woman is also at grave risk of being rejected by her community and even her family, if she speaks up about her abuse. Domestic abuse is not limited to only woman but the percentages are outstandingly high compared to an abused make victim. This violence must come to an end. Through education from within, it might be possible to initiate change. References Williams, Oliver J.; Oliver, William; Pope, Marcus. (2008). Domestic Violence in the African American Community. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p229-237. 9p. Agazie, Maxine. (2011). Cultural Considerations Impacting Domestic Violence Among African American Women: Implications for Social Work. Conflict Resolution Negotiation Journal, Issue 1, p138-141. 4p. Watlington, Christina G.; Murphy, Christopher M. (2006). The roles of religion and spirituality among African American survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 62 Issue 7, p837-857. 21p. Bent-Goodley, TB. (2013). Domestic Violence Fatality Reviews and the African American Community. HOMICIDE STUDIES, Vol. 17, Issue 4; p375-p390. Bent-Goodley, Tricia B. (2004). Perceptions of Domestic Violence: Health Social Work, Vol. 29 Issue 4, p307-316. 10p. Hill, Nicholle; Woodson, Kamilah; Ferguson, Angela; Parks, Carlton. (2012). Intimate Partner Abuse among African American Lesbians : Prevalence, Risk Factors, Theory, and Resilience. Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 27 Issue 5, p401-413. 13p. Campbell, Jacquelyn; Campbell, Doris W.; Gary, Faye; Nedd, Daphne; Price-Lea, Patricia; Sharps, Phyllis W.; Smith, Cheryl. (2008). African American Womens Responses to Intimate Partner Violence: An Examination of Cultural Context. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p277-295. 19p Bent-Goodley, Tricia; St. Vil, Noelle; Hubbert, Paulette. (2012). A Spirit Unbroken: The Black Churchs Evolving Response to Domestic Violence. Social Work Christianity. 2012, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p52-65. 14p. Wimberly, Edward P. (2000). The Civil Rights Movement as a Potential Mentoring Model for Ending Domestic Abuse. Journal of Religion Abuse, Vol. 2 Issue 1, p33. 16p. Hampton, Robert L. LaTaillade, Jaslean J.; Dacey, Alicia; Marghi, J. R. (2008). Evaluating Domestic Violence Interventions for Black Women. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p330 -353. 23p. Haines, E. (2007). Charges against husband put new focus on televangelist. USA Today.com. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-01-ynum_N.htm Jordan, L. M. (2005). Domestic violence in the African American community. Retrieved from http://new.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/RoleoftheBlackChurch.pdf

Aqueous Magnetic Fluids Instabilities in a Hele-Shaw Cell

Aqueous Magnetic Fluids Instabilities in a Hele-Shaw Cell M. RÄ‚CUCIU â€Å"Lucian Blaga† University, Faculty of Science, Dr.Ratiu Street, No.5-7, Sibiu, 550024, Romania In this study, it was investigated the interface patterns of two immiscible, viscous fluids into the geometry of a horizontal  Hele-Shaw cell, considering that one of the fluids is an aqueous magnetic fluid. In general, the total energy of a magnetic fluid  system consists of three components: gravitational, surface, and magnetic. For a magnetic fluid into a horizontal Hele-Shaw  cell, the gravitational energy is constant and can be inessential, thus leaving only the surface and magnetic energies. The  interface between two immiscible fluids, one of them with a low viscosity and another with a higher viscosity, becomes  unstable and starts to deform. Dynamic competition in such confined geometry leads finally to the formation of fingering  patterns of a magnetic fluid in a Hele-Shaw cell. The computational study upon the interface instabilities patterns in aqueous  magnetic fluids was accomplished evaluating fractal dimension in finger-type instabilities. Between the fr actal dimension and  experimental instability generation time a correlation was established. (Received January 30, 2009; accepted February 13, 2009) Keywords: Magnetic fluid, Hele-Shaw cell, Viscous finger instability 1. Introduction Magnetic fluids are composed of magnetic, around 10  nm, single-domain particles coated with a molecular  surfactant and suspended in a carrier liquid [1]. Magnetic  fluids confined within Hele-Shaw cell exhibit interesting  interfacial instabilities, like fingering instability. The patterns and shapes formation by diverse physical,  chemical and biological systems in the natural world has  long been a source of fascination for scientists [2]. Interface  dynamics plays a major role in pattern formation. Viscous  fingering occurs in the flow of two immiscible, viscous  fluids between the plates of a Hele-Shaw cell. A magnetic fluid is considered paramagnetic because  the individual nanoparticle magnetizations are randomly  oriented, even the solid magnetic nanoparticles are  ferromagnetic [3]. Due to Brownian motion, the thermal  agitation keeps the magnetic nanoparticles suspended and  the coating prevents the nanoparticles from adhering to  each other. In ionic magnetic fluids coating the magnetic  nanoparticles are replaced one an other by electrostatic  repulsion. Because the magnetic nanoparticles are much  smaller than the Hele-Shaw cell thickness, it may neglect  their particulate properties and it may consider a continuous  paramagnetic fluid. In this study, there was investigated the interface  patterns of two immiscible, viscous fluids into the geometry  of a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell, considering that one of the  fluids is an aqueous magnetic fluid. In general, the total energy of a magnetic fluid system  consists of three components: gravitational, surface, and  magnetic. For a magnetic fluid into a horizontal Hele-Shaw  cell, the gravitational energy is constant and can be  inessential, thus leaving only the surface and magnetic  energies. The interface between two immiscible fluids, one of  them with a low viscosity and another with a higher  viscosity, becomes unstable and starts to deform. Dynamic  competition in such confined geometry leads finally to the  formation of fingering patterns of a magnetic fluid in a  two-dimensional geometry (Hele-Shaw cell) [4-5]. Due to pressure gradients or gravity, the separation  interface of the two immiscible, viscous fluids undergoes  on to Saffman-Taylor instability [6] and develops  finger-like structures. The Saffman-Taylor instability is a  widely studied example of hydrodynamic pattern formation  where interfacial instabilities evolve. The computational study upon the interface  instabilities patterns in aqueous magnetic fluids was carried  out by evaluating the fractal dimension in finger-type  instabilities. 2. Experimental Aqueous magnetic fluids used in this study have been  prepared in our laboratory, by applying the chemical  precipitation method. In table I are presented the aqueous  magnetic fluid samples used in this experimental study. Table 1. The magnetic fluid samples used in this study (d –  physical diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles,  constituents of the magnetic fluid samples). Aqueous magnetic fluids instabilities in a Hele-Shaw cell In this paper, it studies the interface between two  immiscible fluids and with different viscosities, one of  them with a low viscosity and with magnetic properties  (aqueous magnetic fluid) and another with a higher  viscosity and non-magnetic (65% aqueous glycerin), when  the instability pattern diameter increased in time, instability  structure became more and more complex. The splitting of  the main finger streamer was occurred in time, determining  the irregularity increasing. For each instant image obtained  was computed the fractal dimension. a less viscous fluid is injected into a more viscous one in a  2D geometry (Hele Shaw cell). Fig. 1 shows a Hele-Shaw cell, used in this experiment,  with its two plates of plastic separated by cover microscope  slides placed in each corner of the cell, having the same  thickness about 300 micrometers. The used fluids are  injected through the center hole. Fig. 2. The finger instability dynamics for aqueous  magnetic liquid stabilized with citric acid (A2 sample). Between the fractal dimension and experimental  instability generation time a linear correlations were  established for all magnetic fluid samples used in this study  (correlation coefficient, R2, 0.962). In Fig. 3 is presented  the dynamics of the fractal dimension during the surface  image recording, for A1 magnetic fluid sample. Fig. 1. Hele- Shaw cell used in this experimental study. In the experiment firstly was injected aqueous glycerin  through the central hole to fill the cell. After the cell was  filled with glycerin, the magnetic fluid was injected. The  surface image recordings were made with a digital camera. The computational study upon the interface  instabilities patterns between aqueous magnetic fluids and  glycerin was accomplished evaluating fractal dimension in  finger-type instabilities. The fractal analysis was carried out  using the box-counting method [7] as a computational  algorithm. In order to apply box-counting method the  surface images were analyzed following the HarFA 5.0  software steps, computing the fractal dimension of the each  image. Fig. 3. The dynamics of the fractal dimension in the A1  magnetic fluid sample  case, stabilized with 3. Results and discussion The computational study was accomplished on three  sets of images, for aqueous magnetic fluids analyzed in this  study, representing finger instabilities developed between  two immiscible fluids and with different viscosities. In Fig. 2 are presented the finger instability dynamics  for aqueous magnetic liquid stabilized with citric acid (A2  sample), having a radial symmetry between the fluids  injected in the Hele-Shaw cell (glycerin and magnetic  fluid).From images shown in Fig. 2 it may be observed that  tetrametilamoniu hydroxide. Also, between the fractal dimension and physical  diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles, constituents of the  magnetic fluid sample, a correlation was established (a  linear regression with a correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.926). In Fig. 4 it may be observed that for increasing physical  diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles was obtained a  decreased fractal dimension, after a flow time of magnetic fluids about 9 seconds. 134 Fig. 4. Graphical dependence of fractal dimension in  function of physical diameter of the magnetic  nanoparticles, constituents of the magnetic fluid samples  analyzed in this study. M. Răcuciu within the Hele-Shaw cell about 7 seconds. In the Saffman-Taylor instability, if a forward bump is  formed on the interface between the fluids, it enhances the  pressure gradient and the local interface velocity. Because  the velocity of a point on the interface is proportional to the  local pressure gradient, the bump grows faster than other  parts on the interface. On the other hand, the effect of  surface tension competes with this diffusive instability. Surface tension operates to reduce the pressure at highly  curved parts of an interface, and sharp bumps are forced  back. Thus, as a result we have the formation of the viscous  finger instabilities. The fractal dimension based analysis proposed in this  paper of the aqueous magnetic fluid instability is intended  to lead to further mathematical modeling of finger  instabilities patterns focused on non-linearity of the  magnetic fluid-non-magnetic fluid interface stability. A linear correlation (correlation coefficient, R2, 0.988)  was established between the fractal dimension and  viscosity value of the magnetic fluid samples used In Fig. 5  it may be observed that for increased viscosity value of the  magnetic fluid was observed increasing the fractal  dimension of the interface fluids instability structure. Fig. 5. Linear correlation between fractal dimension and  magnetic fluid viscosity value. Table 2. Correlation coefficient and standard deviation to  the fractal dimension calculation after a flow time of  magnetic fluids within the Hele-Shaw cell about 7  seconds. 4. Conclusions In this paper it was investigated the flow of two  immiscible, viscous fluids in the confined geometry of a  Hele-Shaw cell. It may conclude that the fractal dimension values of the  finger instabilities pattern images are direct proportional  with the magnetic fluid viscosity value and instability  generation time, while with the physical diameter of the  magnetic nanoparticles constituents of the magnetic fluid a  linear negative dependence was evidenced. The next theoretical analysis step will follow the  developing of a convenient model to describe the  non-magnetic fluid influence on magnetic fluid surface  stability. References [1] P. S. Stevens, Patterns in Nature, Little Brown, Boston  (1974). [2] S.S. Papel, Low viscosity magnetic fluid obtained by  the colloidal suspension of magnetic particles. US  Patent 3, 215, 572 (1965). [3] R. E. Rosensweig, Ferrohydrodynamics, Cambridge  University Press, Cambridge (1985). [4] C. Tang, Rev. Mod. Phys., 58, 977 (1986). [5] D. Bensimon, L. P. Kadanoff, S. Liang, B. I. Shraiman,  C. Tang, Rev.Mod. Phys., 58, 977 (1986). [6] P. G. Saffman, G. I. Taylor, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser.  A, 245, 312 (1958). [7] T. Tel, A. Fulop, T. Vicsek, Determination of Fractal  Dimension for Geometrical Multifractals, Physica A,  159, 155-166 (1989). ________________________ * In Table 2 the fractal dimension value, correlation  coefficient and standard deviation to the fractal dimension  calculation, for all magnetic fluid samples used in this experimental study after a flow time of magnetic fluids

Transformations Of Modern Society Sociology Essay

Transformations Of Modern Society Sociology Essay Modernity is a period of time within the world that started for many around the seventeenth century. It was accentuated by the shift from a move from a feudal system to a system we know as capitalism and the nation state which gained influence throughout the known world. There was a shift in focus from agricultural work and employment to Industrial and town based focus. Many commentators have looked at modernity and what was meant by modernity. This report focuses on modernity from the perspective of Gliddens, his opinion of what its key institutional factors were and those of globalisation. For Giddens modernity as a simple explanation is, ways of life for groups of people which emerged in Europe from about the seventeenth century onwards. This consequently, moved on and became a way of life around the world. Thus modernity is located within a specific time period and a starting geographical position, the features of modernity can be explored later. (Giddens, 1990, p. 1) Modernity changed the way people around the world were connected to each other, this in turn had a profound effect on the personal level. On the one hand modernity gave people the more chances to live a more rewarding life, yet the dangers that came with that were greater in Giddens opinion. He states, modernity was a double edged sword of security versus danger and trust versus risk, this is seen in the fact that more people died in the wars of the twentieth century than in the previous two centuries even if you allow for the increase in population over this period (Giddens, 1990, p. 7). The move from agrarian based production to the industralised production that catered not only for local but international markets produced more varitey of products. However, at the same time human labour power became commercialised. Capitalism became the way of life not only in modernitys economic system but all its other institutions. Giddens, 1990, p.11 explains this as, the social order of modern ity is capatilistic both in its economic structures and other institutions. This created a cycle of investment profit investment meaning profits declined and meant a need for a continual expansion of the system. However for marx though the modern eras rapidly changing characteristics were not derived from a capitalist order but an industrial order, one characterised through the harnessing production to human needs throughthe industrial exploitation of nature (Morrison, 2006, p. 78) Having looked at modernity it is briefly time to explore what Giddens calls the key features of modernity these are , the separation of time and space, disembedding mechanisms and the reflexive appropriation of knowledge (Giddens, 1990, p. 53). These three features were interconnected and could be found in all. So for giddens modernity had multiple layers especially on the institutional level, the introduction of a world clock and time zones along with a move from gregorian to julien calendar gave us uniformity the world over. Here we will look at the next focus of Giddens in terms of modernity, mainly this will explore his perspective on the institutional dimensions of modernity. The four institutional dimensions Giddens 1990 identifies are, Capatilism; industrialism; military power and surveilance(p.59). The first instituional dimension Giddens 1990 deals with is capatalism, capitalism is the making of useful items based around those who have the means of production and those who have no such capital and sell their labour, this creates the axis of a class system. This system requires good to be made for competitive market with price being a guide for buyers, sellers,investors and producers of goods alike. The second institutional dimension Giddens identifies is industrialism, Giddens 1990 sees Industrialism not necessarily as the move to big factories using machines and electricity and or steam power but something more. For Giddens it affects every day life not only the work place but, how we interact with each other and how we travel. It also impacts on the home and leisure life of all individuals. Capitalism and industrialism may be two distinct dimensions but they are inter-related for Giddens, they are in fact so closely linked distinguishing the two from each other is difficult. The third institution dimension explored by Giddens is that of surveilance, this he explains is the role the nation state a phenomenon seen in all modern societies in one form or another exercises control and social regulation. Giddens 1990 sees the administrative system of nation states having coordinated control over areas of territory it has gained, no pre-modern state were able to achieve this level of administrative control. Giddens 1990 (p.58) is directly interested, in the supervision of the activities of a population, this can be directly as Foucault discusses through prison or education systems, or more directly in the way information is controlled. The last institutional dimesion that Giddens identifies is that of military power. For Giddens 1990 the nation state and modern societies are unique in the fact that it was able not only able to create the means for war in weaponary and machines but also had the support of the millitary, in most pre-modern societies the central political figure had to make alliances with princes warlords clan chiefs to gain their support. He also points out how, industralism permeating both the organisation of the military and the weaponary at their disposal. The industralisation of war radically changes the character of warfare, ushering in an era of total war and a nuclear age (Giddens, 1990, p. 58). This point is highlighted in (Hopkins, Evans, Norton-Taylor, 2012) Senior military officers and ministry officials have taken up more than 3,500 positions in arms companies over the last 16 years. So for giddens all four Intstitutional dimensions of modernity were interconnected with each other and c an not be seperated from one another. Lastly we will explore what Giddens means by the term Globalisation, Giddens 1990 (p.64) defines globalisation as, the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happening are shaped by events occurring many miles away. As a definition of globalisation this is one of the better ones available. However, the definition of globalisation by Trevellion 1997 in (Lyons, 2006, p. p.122) that globalisation has both subjective and objective meanings, to embrace both the objective social, economic and technological changes associated with the dismantling of national and regional barriers to trade and communications and the subjective shifts in conciousness associated with the growth of global concerns and global sensibilities. What trevillion is arguing is that globalisation through social, economic and technology changes have made it easier to trade and talk to anyone in the world, but at the same time issues like global warming and chi ld poverty have become a worldwide not just localised concerns any longer. For Giddens there are four dimensions that create globalisation similar to his ideas on modernity. Giddens 1990 (71) shows us that, the nation state, world capitalist economy, world military order, international division of labour. He claims that the chief form of production is economic enterprise and this has definite class related issues. Each state develops a local and world economic policy which involves regulating the economic activity. But the administrative organisation of these states means that they are able to separate the economic from the political. The second dimension for Giddens is world military power. For Giddens trans national companies may have more economic power than certain nations and are able to use this economic power to influence political issues to their favour, however they do not control the means of violence or territory that states do. Most states have either total or majority control for the means of violence within their state. Trans national companies can accumulate all sorts of economic power but, they are not military organisations (Giddens, 1990, p. 71). The other area that occupies Giddens 1990 (p.72) in terms of globalisation is the international division of labour. He claims that, nation states are the main drivers in global politics whilst trans national companies(businesses) are the major players in the world economy. This is especially true when looking at how they trade with other companies, states and individuals. Manafacturing banking and other financial institutions depend on production for profit. Which is why the influence they carry brings the worldwide extension of commodity and financial markets. However, even from its beginnings the world capitalist economy was not just about the trade of goods and services. It involved and involves still the commodification of labour power, this seperates the workers from control of their means of production. This of course has consequences and means class divisions widen and global inequalities become more pronounced. So in summary we are now all more connected especially through the use of global media and the world wide web. We are aware of things happening in other countries yet at the same time we may feel the effects of those things. The recession and possible collapse of Greeces, spains and portugals to name a few economies will have an effect in the united Kingdom and other places around the world who trade with these countries. We have explored Giddens perspective on modernity and the institutional dimensions that are present, before looking at Giddens Views on globalisation and the institutional dimensions of globalisation. Modernity in Giddens eyes is denoted by the move from agrarian community to industrialisation based in the city, with the move to a world time system and time zones and a world calendar. The key instutionial dimensions identified by Giddens were, capitalism, industralism, military power and surveilance each were interconnected. Finally we looked at Giddens views on globalisation and the institutional dimension found within it not suprisingly the institutional dimensions to globalisation are nearly identical to those of modernity. What he pinpointed within globalisation is that inequalities that were already present have not only persisted but expanded and can be found globally.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare, Cla

Your eyelids are heavy and your mind is fogging, finally they close altogether with the weight of the eyelids and in a few minutes you have fallen into slumber. You wake up with a vivid image in your mind, but you have no inkling as to what it means. It was just a dream. Whether people can recall it or not, everyone dreams. A dream, some may argue is irrelevant; images assorted together creating nonsense. Others depict a dream as a message our mind is telling us about. Throughout the day, the mind subconsciously picks up pieces of our daily life, whether they are thoughts, emotions, ideas, or interactions. When we sleep, our brain organizes and analysis these thoughts and puts them together like a puzzle creating images we might have missed during our waking hours. The brain naturally resists chaos and is attuned to order and organization and therefore sees past the chaos and malfunctions, it begins to matrix things, such as images in the clouds. It is through dreaming that these ima ges sort out all the chaos in the ordinary daily life and reveals a bizarre and unrealistic world, which is a reflection of the unstable reality that is actually lived in. Reality is considered unstable because it is constantly changing, moving and transforming into something else whether people are aging, dying or being born. It is a constantly changing factor that people refuse to accept and it is in our dreams that it is revealed. It is in this dream world where Shakespeare and Carroll use fantastical characters, such as fairies and the White Rabbit to exemplify the daily interactions one must make to seek the truth. It is in the court and woods, where everything is turned upside down and where what is right is wrong and what one knows, are no longe... ...nuously move to get somewhere and when they find they are looking for, they still have to keep going. The characters met through the journey represent the logical and illogical strangers that people face every day and some may help while others might pull them down. These interactions are significant because every interaction and actions affect a person even if it isn’t all that clear. Time is the biggest factor in how reality is unstable. No matter what a person does, time is constantly there and every second is a second past. The main reason it is not stable is because it is always changing and moving and whether one likes it or not, no one can change time. In a dream, time is not a factor and characters met can have no significance and in a dream, just for those few hours, the world can be a perfect and stable place, at least just until it’s time to wake up.

United States Governments False Portrayal of Marijuana :: Government Marijuana weed Drugs Essays

United States Government's False Portrayal of Marijuana Abstract I believe that the government’s handling of marijuana has been unethical because they used propaganda and lies to misinform the American population about marijuana. In my casebook, I address how the government made propaganda films and other media to misinform the American population. Some powerful evidence that I used is from the book, On the Trail of Marijuana, in this book the authors illustrate their eight stages of marijuana intoxication: Stage One: Characteristic euphoria, or feelings of unnatural well-being and lightheadedness. Stage Two: Intellectual excitation, dissociation of ideas, and exaggeration of emotion. Stage Three: Illusion in regard to time and space. Stage Four: Intense auditory sensibility, where every musical sound is distorted. Stage Five: Fixation of ideas, which are derived by the suggestibility of near-by stimuli. Stage Six: Overbalancing emotional disturbances. Stage Seven: Culmination of the sixth stage, where the overexcited and distraught subject may commit violent irresponsible acts due to irresistible impulses of suggestive origin. Stage Eight: Hallucination, varied and often terrifying. The opposing argument is supported not by opinion, but by scientific proof. There have been many studies done on the effects of marijuana, but I chose On Being Stoned because the author realized that the effects are only â€Å"potential†. Marijuana is illegal in the United States and in the past, there have been many changes in legislation regarding marijuana possession, production, and use. The knowledge of marijuana usage has been warped and twisted by the American government beginning in the early 1900s. According to the Webster’s Dictionary definitions, ethics are principles of right conduct or a system of moral values, morals are the lesson or principle contained in or taught by a fable, a story, or an event, and government is the act or process of governing, especially the control and administration of public policy in a political unit. It bothers me that neither ethics nor morals were included in the definition of government.