Concrete

The crack widths predicted by the different codes have been calculated for a range of varying parameters: Varying tension reinforcement stress (Figure 9) Varying cover (Figure 10) Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and stress. (Figure 1 1) Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and maximum stress to AS 3600. Figure 12) BBS 5400 results have been plotted using a Ms / MGM ratio of 0. 1 and 1. All results have used long term values where available. Larger versions of these graphs may be found on the Powering presentation associated with this paper. The following observations can be made from the graph results: The BBS 5400 results using the two different load ratios gave substantially different results, with the higher ratio giving increased crack widths. The BBS 8110 results were either approximately centrally placed between the two BBS 5400 results, or close to the lower values.The Recoded 2 results were usually reasonably close to the mean of the other results. The CUBE-Flip-1990 results were consistently the lowest for high steel stresses and high concrete cover values. Results with varying spacing were close to Recoded 2 results. The IAC 318 results were consistently the highest, being close to and slightly higher than the upper bound BBS 5400 values. All crack widths increased approximately linearly with increasing steel stress Crack widths increased with increasing cover, with Recoded 2 reaching a constant value at 70 mm cover, and the CUBE-PIP code at 35 mm cover.The other codes continued to increase more than linearly up to 100 mm cover. All codes predicted increasing crack width with increasing bar spacing and constant reinforcement area steel stress. Figure 9: Varying tension reinforcement stress Figure 10: Varying cover Figure 11: Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and stress Figure 12: Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and maximum stress to AS 3600.When the steel stress was adjusted to the maximum allowable under AS 3600 (I. E. Reduced for increasing bar spacing and increasing bar diameter) the predicted crack widths were reasonably uniform in the spacing range 50 to 200 mm, then tended to reduce with greater spacing. DEFLECTION The main differences in approach to the calculation of deflections are summarized low: Australian and American codes are based on the Brannon equation, using a uniform average effective stiffness value.Australian codes allow for loss of tension stiffening through a reduction of the cracking moment related to the free concrete shrinkage. Allowance for shrinkage curvature in the Australian codes is simplified and will underestimate curvature in symmetrically reinforced sections. British codes allow only a low tension value for cracked sections, which is further reduced for long term deflections European codes adopt an intermediate approach for cracked sections, tit an allowance for loss of tension stiffening.British and European code prov isions for shrinkage curvature are essentially the same Effective stiffness, calculated according to AS 3600, Recoded 2, BBS 5400, and BBS 8110, and with no tension stiffening, is plotted against bending moment for the same concrete section used in the crack width analysis. Figure 13 shows results with no shrinkage, and Figure 14 with a shrinkage of 300 Microscopic. RESEARCH ABOUT THE METHODS USED IN DIFFERENCE CONCRETE STANDARDS AS 3600 limits the maximum reinforcement stress under serviceability loads to a axiom value dependent on either the bar diameter or the bar spacing, whichever gives the greater stress.AS 5100 has the same limits, with an additional requirement to check for lower limits under permanent loads for elements in exposure classifications 82, C or U. Recoded 2 limits stresses in essentially the same way, except that the limits are presented as maximum bar spacing or diameter for a specified stress, rather than vice versa. The Recoded 2 limits are related to 3 diffe rent values of nominal crack width, 0. 2 mm, 0. 3 mm or 0. 4 mm, under pseudo-static loading. The applicable crack Edith depends on the exposure classification and type of member.Code Provisions for Crack Width Limits As well as stress limits, Recoded 2 has detailed provisions for the calculation of design crack widths, which are summarized below: The basic formula for crack width: crack spacing x (mean steel strain – mean concrete strain) makes no allowance for variation in crack width between the level of the reinforcement and the surface of the concrete, however the crack spacing is mainly related to the cover depth, and the crack width is directly proportional to crack spacing, so the depth of cover has a significant effect on crack widths.The expression for Seems – ECMA limits the effect of tension stiffening to 40% of the steel strain. For long term effects the tension stiffening coefficient is reduced by 1/3, from 0. 6 to 0. 4. The British concrete design codes specify a design crack width at the surface of the concrete as follows: The basic approach is similar to Recoded 2, except that the crack width is projected from the reinforcement level to the concrete surface. The main differences between BBS 5400 and BBS 8110 are: BBS 5400 includes a factor to reduce the effect of tension stiffening, depending on the ratio of live load moment to dead load moment (Ms / MGM).The effect of this is to reduce tension stiffening effects to zero for a load ratio of 1 or greater. The tension stiffening coefficients are differently formulated. The IAC requirements are based on stress limits derived from the Surgery-Lutz equation: The IAC 318 equation makes no allowance for tension stiffening, and predicts crack width at the upper bound of those studied in this paper. Results are usually similar to those from the BBS 5400 equation using a Ms / MGM ratio of 1 .AS 3600, AS 5100, and IAC 318 AS 3600 and AS 5100 provisions for â€Å"simplified† calculati on of deflections are identical other than a typographical error in AS 5100), and are both based on the â€Å"Brannon† equation, which is also used in IAC 318. The equation in IAC 318 is differently formulated, but will give identical results for the same cracking moment and section stiffness values. The AS 3600 version of the equation is shown below: left is calculated for the maximum moment section, and applied along the full length of the member being analyses.The calculation of the cracking moment in the Australian codes (but not IAC 318) includes an allowance for the shrinkage induced tensile stress in the unchecked section, which contributes to loss of tension stiffening: AS 3600 and AS 5100 provide a factor KC , applied to the calculated deflection, to account for the additional deflection due creep and shrinkage: KC = [2- 1. 2(ASS / East)] Note that for a symmetrically reinforced section KC reduces to the minimum value of 0. , being the effect of creep deflection alon e. 6. 4. 2 OBSESS,BBS 8110 Deflections in BBS 5400 and BBS 8110 are calculated from integration of section curvatures. The cracking moment and curvature of cracked sections allows for a short term concrete tensile stress of 1 Amp, reducing to 0. 5 Amp in the long term. Shrinkage curvatures in BBS 8110 are determined from the free shrinkage strain, and the first moment of area of the reinforcement about the cracked or unchecked section, as appropriate.BBS 5400 uses a similar approach, but tabulates factors based on the compression and tension reinforcement ratios. 6. 4. 3 Recoded 2 and CUBE-PIP 1990 (MAC 90) The European codes also provide for calculation of deflections by integration of section curvatures, but provide a different expression for the stiffness of cracked sections: Shrinkage curvatures are assessed using a similar method to that given in BBS 8110:

The Critique of “Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals”

Advertisements are part of our daily lives and they are inextricably linked. Since we were young, the world was at our fingertips, bombarded with a society that has been shaped by advertising. Advertisements make a great impact in our lives that influence our decision-making and buying habits, even changing our perception of certain products or services. â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals† is an informative and educational article, which is written by Jib Fowles, a professor of Communication at the University of Houston Clear Lake. This article first appeared in Etc.39:3 (1982) and was reprinted in the college textbook – Advertising and Popular Culture (1996). In the â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals†, Fowles provides readers with a set of information that discusses how advertising contains certain unconscious emotional appeals which fall into fifteen distinguishable categories. Besides that, he also explains how advertisers try to in fluence consumers through various physiological and psychological levels. This article educates advertisers and college students who are majoring in advertising on how to make effective advertisements.Also, Fowles analyzes tactics that advertisers use and gives readers his opinions and suggestions on how to make an advertisement more effective (539-556). To provide a good source of information, the author himself should be credible in order to make readers believe that his article contains credible and valuable information. Not only is the credibility of the author important, but also the content of the article should be thorough and detailed so that it can help readers get good quality information. Finally, Fowles did a great job organizing his article.It was easy for readers to follow his steps throughout the whole article because of the sub-tittles he provided for each appeal. Based on these criteria’s, I believe Fowles’ article is a good source of information for r eaders and the information and general knowledge of advertising that he provided might be helpful for advertisers and students in the future. Jib Fowles, who is a professor of Communication at the University of Houston Clear Lake, has been working in the social science field for over 30 years.Fowles has written an abundant amount of articles and books on popular media; such as Mass Advertising as Social Forecast: A method for Futures Research (1976), Why Viewers Watch: A Reappraisal of Television’s Effects (1992) and The Case of Television Violence (1999)(539). All of his articles and books have appeared in publications, proving that Fowles has the ability to gain exposure of his articles to the public. Besides that, Fowles, used to work with Henry A. Murray who is a psychologist at the Harvard Psychological Clinic where Murray and his colleagues conduct the full taxonomy of need (Fowles 543).As Fowles has demonstrated his expertise in the social science area and provided rea ders with his teaching and working experience as a supportive point, it helps him establish his trustworthy image. As an informative author, Fowles provided thorough and detailed information in order to make sure his readers understood his points easily. He listed out all of the fifteen basic appeals of advertising, described the individual appeals and gave examples from contemporary print and broadcast ads that might occur to readers (542-56). It made the ads more relevant so that it could be applied in the daily life of readers.For example, the definition of the need to achieve, which according to Murray is an admiration to accomplish something difficult, to overcome obstacles and to attain a high standard, to excel one’s self, to rival and surpass others (548). Fowles gives his readers several examples of certain products that advertise themselves in the best way by trying to make contact with consumers needs to succeed (549). Besides that, advertisers are trying to implem ent messages, both hidden and apparent, in which these needs stir wants, indirectly manipulating consumers’ decisions.In this article, Fowles also shares his opinions of the tactics that advertisers use and discusses the different styles of advertisements. He clarifies the general concept of how effective advertisements work and how does it effect consumer perception of certain products (542-56). The information that is provided by Fowles stirs up interest in readers, making them want more. In addition to the above, well organized â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals† article is also a main reason why it is a good source of information.Fowles organized this article systematically by using bold heading, a small title for every appeal and a list that stated the appeals that he was going to discuss (540-556). All of these make a reader follow his messages easily and makes digestion of information easier. Instead of putting all the appeals in one paragraph, Fow les separates the fifteen appeals into individual paragraphs by following the needs of different titles (543-53). At a glance, readers can find the information they want easily by searching titles, which interest them. Having a good title draws a reader’s attention and does not let the content mislead the reader.On one hand, these criteria can support this articles claim as a good source of information, but on the other hand, the information might be outdated and invalid. Since this article has existed over 30 years, even the advertisements platform and society has changed. The examples that Fowles provided might not be related to the reader’s current life. It would be a hard task for readers to understand the outdated information. Even though advertisements might be nugatory and possibly readers will not be familiar with the examples given, basic human needs are still the same overtime (542-53).Readers can still understand the concept of the appeals and set a new exam ple for themselves. Outdated information might not be an issue big enough to make Fowles’ article invalid. However it makes readers think further on how to apply the advertisements that they are familiar with in order to meet their needs. â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals† is a timeless article that provides useful references for the public, especially for advertisers and students who are majoring in advertising.By analyzing Fowles’ article, I realized that we are confronted daily by hundreds of advertisements, only a few of which can actually attract our attention. That is the message Fowles’ article is trying to transmit, how â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals† make an effective advertisement. I believe that Fowles article is a good source of information, not only does it contain valuable information, but also he shares his opinions of his general knowledge of advertising that we, the readers, can apply to our future.

Certainty Essay Example for Free

Certainty Essay Essay Topic: Certainty Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints The Purpose of the Certainty of Objects Requirement – For a Trust to exist, A must: (i) hold a specific claim-right or power; and (ii) be under a duty to B not to use that claim-right or power for A’s own benefit (unless and to the extent that A is also a beneficiary of the Trust). In other words, for a Trust to exist, A must be under the core Trust duty. The certainty requirements for a Trust simply reflect the fact that A must be under a duty to B in relation to a specific right. The certainty of objects requirement ensures that: (i) A owes a duty to a specific person; and (ii) A’s duty is certain enough to be enforced. The certainty of objects requirement can sometimes be seen as an inconvenient obstacle that can trip up a party (A0) trying to set up a Trust. However, it serves a vital purpose: a court cannot enforce a duty unless that duty is adequately defined. This point is not peculiar to Trusts. For example, an agreement between A and B can only impose a contractual duty on A to B if it is satisfies a certainty test: the nature of A’s duty to B must be adequately defined. In understanding the certainty of objects requirement, it is important to ask what information the court needs in order to enforce A’s supposed duty to B. If that information is lacking, A’s supposed duty cannot be enforced; so A will be under no duty to B; so there can be no Trust. 2. Discretionary Trusts – A discretionary Trust is a form of Trust (see p 222-4 of the book): it can exist only if A is under the core Trust duty. Example 1a: A0 transfers ? 100,000 to A subject to a duty: (i) not to use that money for A’s own benefit; and (ii) to invest the money prudently; and (iii) at the end of 21 years, to pay any unspent part of the ? 00,000 and its income to Oxfam. A0 also stipulates that, during that 21 years, A can, if he wishes, pay all or any of the ? 100,000 and its income to all or any of A0’s children or grandchildren. In such a case, there is clearly a Trust: A is under the core Trust duty. And Oxfam is a beneficiary of that Trust: A owes the core Trust duty to Oxfam. A0’s children and grandchildren are not, however, beneficiaries of a Trust: A does not owe them the core Trust duty. Rather, A has a power: A can, if he wishes, give all or any of the money to all or any f A0’s children and grandchildren. 1 See eg G Scammell & Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941] AC 251. 1 – A discretionary Trust is a particular form of Trust: it exists where A, in addition to being under the core Trust duty, has a power to choose how to distribute the benefit of the right A holds on Trust. Example 1b: A0 transfers ? 100,000 to A subject to a duty: (i) not to use that money for A’s own benefit; and (ii) to pay the money, in equal shares, to all of A0’s children and grandchildren. In such a case, there is clearly a Trust: A is under the core Trust duty. There is no discretionary Trust: A does not have a power to choose how to distribute the benefit of the ? 100,000. Rather, there is a fixed Trust: A is under a duty to distribute the benefit of the right held on Trust in a specific way. Example 1c: A0 transfers ? 100,000 to A subject to a duty: (i) not to use that money for A’s own benefit; and (ii) to invest the money prudently; and (iii) by the end of 21 years, to have distributed that ? 100,000 and its income, as A sees fit, amongst all or any of A0’s children or grandchildren. In such a case, there is a discretionary Trust. A does owe the core Trust duty to A0’s children and grandchildren; but A has a power to choose how to distribute the benefit of the ? 100,000. 3. Discretionary Trusts & Certainty of Objects: The â€Å"Any Given Person† Test Example 2: A0 transfers ? 100,000 to A subject to a duty: (i) not to use that money for A’s own benefit; and (ii) to invest the money prudently; and (iii) by the end of 21 years, to have distributed that ? 100,000 and its income, as A sees fit, amongst all or any of A0’s relatives. In Example 2, there seems to be a problem. A0 has attempted to set up a discretionary Trust. However, such a Trust depends on A being under a duty not to pay any of the money to a person who is not a relative of A0. But can a court enforce that duty? For example, let’s say A chooses to pay out ? 5,000 to X. Is there a meaningful test the court can use to decide if X really is a relative of A0? If not, a key part of A’s intended duty cannot be enforced; in that case, the intended discretionary Trust cannot exist. And, if that occurs, A will hold the ? 100,000 on Resulting Trust for A0 (or, if A0 has died, for A0’s estate). We can sum up this point by saying that, for a discretionary Trust to exist, it must pass the â€Å"any given person† test: a court must be able to tell of any given person (eg X) whether or not that person falls within the class of those to whom A is permitted to distribute the benefit of the right A holds on Trust. 2 That â€Å"any given person† test is often referred to as the â€Å"given postulant† test. In re Baden (No 2),3 the Court of Appeal considered whether a discretionary Trust for A0’s relatives could pass that test. 2 3 See per Lord Wilberforce in McPhail v Doulton [1971] AC 424 at 456. [1973] Ch 9. Stamp LJ held that the discretionary Trust was valid. His Lordship reached that conclusion by taking a very narrow view of relatives as including only A0’s statutory next of kin (ie those close relatives specified by statute as being able to acquire A0’s rights if A0 dies without making a valid will). 4 Sachs and Megaw LJJ took a much broader approach to the term â€Å"relative†, defining it as anyone sharing an ancestor with A0. 5 That definition seems to cause a problem: if X claims that he and A0 had the same great-great-great-great-great grandmother, can the court really test that claim? Sachs and Megaw LJJ both dealt with that point by saying that the onus is on X to prove that claim; until X does so, it must be assumed that X does not share an ancestor with A0. 6 The approach of Sachs and Megaw LJJ (assuming X is out of the permitted class, unless and until X can show otherwise) seems to make the â€Å"any given person† test redundant. For example, if A0 tries to set up a discretionary Trust in which A has a power to distribute the benefit of a right to anyone who is a â€Å"good person†, we might expect A0’s attempt to fail: there is no way for a court to tell if X is or is not a â€Å"good person†. However, on the approach of Sachs and Megaw LJJ, we could instead say that the discretionary Trust is valid – it is just that, if X cannot prove he is a â€Å"good person†, it will be assumed that he is not such a person. It seems that neither Sachs LJ nor Megaw LJ wanted to leave the law in such a way as to permit there to be a discretionary Trust in favour of anyone who is a â€Å"good person†. So each judge added a further certainty requirement. Sachs LJ stated that the class of those to whom A can distribute the benefit of A’s right must be â€Å"conceptually certain†: that is, it must be possible to come up with a definition of the class. Practical, evidential problems as to whether X is or is not within that definition can be dealt with by applying the simple rule that X is out of the class until he proves otherwise. So the â€Å"good person† discretionary Trust will be invalid as there is no clear way of defining that term: it is conceptually uncertain. In contrast, whilst it may be difficult, or even impossible, to tell if X is or is not a relative of A0, that evidential uncertainty will not defeat the discretionary Trust. Megaw LJ added a different requirement, stating that a discretionary Trust can only be valid if there are a â€Å"substantial number† of people who are clearly within the class to whom A can distribute the benefit of A’s right. 8 Again, that requirement can be used to mean that a â€Å"good person† discretionary Trust is invalid, whereas a â€Å"relatives† discretionary Trust is not. The extra requirements imposed by Sachs and Megaw LJJ do not assist in fulfilling the purpose of the â€Å"any given person† test: making sure the court can tell if A distributes the benefit of the right to a person outside the permitted class. It may be that each requirement instead aims to ensure that the discretionary Trust makes some practical 4 5 [1973] Ch 9 at 28-29. Ibid at 21-22 (following the lead of the first instance judge, Brightman J). 6 Here, again, the lead of Brightman J was followed. 7 Ibid at 20. 8 Ibid at 24. 3 sense: for example, if it is not possible to give a conceptually certain definition to the class, it may well be that no-one can show he is within that class. Megaw LJ’s requirement for a â€Å"substantial number† to be within the class is of course quite vague: the point seems to be that, for a iscretionary Trust to make sense, A must have a genuine choice to make as to who will receive the benefit of A’s right. However, that point is not always correct: for example, the discretion in a discretionary Trust could come from A having a power to decide how much of the benefit of A’s right a particular individual should receive. 4. 4. 1 Discretionary Trusts & Certainty of Objects: Further Tests The â€Å"full list† test? At one point, it was suggested that a discretionary trust could be valid only if the court could draw up a full list of the people to whom A is permitted to distribute the benefit of a right. On that view, in Example 2, a discretionary trust would arise only if it is possible to draw up a full list of A0’s relatives. However, in McPhail v Doulton, the House of Lords rejected that view. 9 It was based on the idea that, if A failed in his duty to distribute the benefit of the right, a court would have to step in and decide how to distribute. And, to avoid favouring any one person, the court would have to order equal division of the benefit of the right amongst all members of the class. On that view, a discretionary trust would become, in effect, like the fixed Trust in Example 1b: so a full list would be necessary. In McPhail v Doulton, Lord Wilberforce pointed out that, if A fails in his duty to distribute the benefit of a right, a court does not have to order equal division. 10 After all, such equal division could be one of the worst ways of distributing the benefit of a right: for example, splitting up a fund of ? 100,000 equally among 1,000 people would mean that no one person gains a substantial benefit from the discretionary trust. So, given the other means by which the court can step in to execute a discretionary trust, there is no need to apply the â€Å"full list† test. 4. 2 The â€Å"administrative workability† test The fact that a court may need to step in and execute a discretionary trust does not mean that a discretionary trust must pass the â€Å"full list† test. Nonetheless, it may have some impact. For example, if the terms of the attempted discretionary trust mean that there is no sensible plan a court could adopt to execute that supposed trust, then A0’s attempt to set up a discretionary trust must fail. This point may explain the (rarely relevant) â€Å"administrative workability† test. 11 9 [1971] AC 424. Ibid at 456-7. 11 That test is referred to by Lord Wilberforce in McPhail v Doulton: [1971] 1 AC 424 at 457. 10 4 For example, in one case,12 A0 (a council shortly to disappear as part of a reorganisation) attempted to set up a discretionary trust (of a large sum of money) for the benefit of all the former residents of the area covered by that council. The class of people to whom A could distribute the benefit of its right would thus include over 2 million people. It was found that the council’s attempt to set up a discretionary Trust failed: the planned Trust was â€Å"administratively unworkable†. The problem here may be that, if A fails to perform his duty to distribute, the court will have to step in. And is there any sensible way order a court could make to distribute the benefit of A’s right? We have to bear in mind the need for a court to avoid making the type of contentious political decision which it is ill-suited to make and which may cause resentment. 3 Of course, in most cases, no such problems arise: the â€Å"administrative workability† test rarely prevents an intended discretionary trust from arising. This explanation of the â€Å"administrative workability† test explains why it applies to discretionary trusts but not to attempts to give A a power (as in Example 1a). If A chooses not to exercise a power to distribute the benefit of a right then, as A is under no duty to do so, a court does not need to step in and order some form of distribution. There is thus no risk of a court facing the dilemma that would arise if an administratively unworkable discretionary trust were allowed to be valid. 4. 3 The â€Å"non-capricious† test Although the â€Å"administrative workability† test does not apply to powers, that does not mean that powers are free from certainty tests. For example if A has a power to distribute the benefit of a right to all or any of a certain class of people then, as is the case with a discretionary trust, A is under a duty not to distribute outside that class. So, with a power as with a iscretionary trust, the â€Å"any given person† test applies:14 the power is only valid if a court can tell, should A exercise the power in favour of X, whether or not X is in the permitted class. Sometimes, when accepting a power, A also comes under a duty to act loyally and responsibly when considering whether to exercise that power. In such a case, for example, A (as is the case if A holds a right on a discretionary trust) cannot simply ignore the power: he is under a duty to members of the class of potential recipients to consider periodically whether or not to exercise the power. 5 In these cases, A can be said to have a â€Å"fiduciary power†: A is not just under the negative duty not to distribute outside the permitted class; he also has some positive duties in relation to the power. It has been held that A0’s attempt to set up such a power will fail if the intended power is â€Å"capricious†: if there are no sensible criteria A can apply in considering whether and how 12 13 R v District Auditor, ex p West Yorkshire MCC [1986] RVR 24 (noted by Harpum [1986] CLJ 391). For example, would the money be better spent on paying for a new school, or a new hospital, or new sports facilities? 4 See eg re Gulbenkian [1970] AC 508. 15 For a discussion of A’s duties in such a case see eg per Megarry V-C in re Hay [1982] 1 WLR 202, esp at 210. 5 to exercise his power. 16 This does not mean that, when giving A the intended fiduciary power, A0 needs to spell out what factors A should take into account. However, it does mean that if the supposed power is â€Å"capricious† (ie there is no sensible scheme A can come up with) then A0’s attempt to give A the power must fail. Two points are worth noting about this â€Å"non-capricious† test. First, if it is linked to A0’s attempt to impose a duty on A to act loyally and responsibly when considering whether to exercise a power, it must apply to an attempt to set up a discretionary trust: such a duty is a key part of a discretionary trust. Second, in practice, it is very unlikely that this test will present a problem: people rarely go round setting up bizarre powers that cannot be considered in a sensible way. 4. 4 The â€Å"one person† test Example 3: A0, an owner of a large number of paintings, dies. In his will, he instructs A (his executor) to allow â€Å"each of my friends† to purchase one of those paintings each, at half its market value. In such a case, A0 does not attempt to set up a discretionary Trust: A has no power to choose how to distribute his rights. Rather, each friend of A has a fixed entitlement. A0 is attempting to make a conditional gift: if X satisfies a particular condition (if he is a friend of A0) he has a specific right. Nonetheless, it may seem that there is still a certainty problem: how can A (or the court) tell if X is or is not a friend of A0? However, in re Barlow, the essential facts of which were identical to Example 3,17 Browne-Wilkinson J held that the conditional gift was valid. His Lordship noted that an attempt to set up a discretionary Trust for â€Å"friends of A0† would fail: applying Sachs LJ’s test in re Baden (No 2), the term â€Å"friends of A0† is conceptually uncertain. However, a conditional gift should be treated differently: if there was just one person who could clearly show he was, on any reasonable test, a friend of A0, that person is entitled to acquire one of the paintings. 8 The test applied in re Barlow has been criticised. However, it can be defended. If an attempted discretionary Trust (eg in favour of â€Å"friends of A0†) fails a certainty test, then someone who could have benefitted from A’s power (eg a clear friend of A0) will miss out. But, in any case, that person only had a chance of receiving a benefit; he had no legal guarantee. In contrast, if a conditional gift is found to be invalid when there is a person who definitely stands to benefit from it, that person is deprived of a definite entitlement: a right given to him by A0. Certainty. (2018, Oct 14).

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 128

Assignment Example Religion provides the basis for a community to obtain a leader, where it separates those who are eligible for the leadership positions from those who are responsible for electing them. It is also through religion that the duties and responsibilities of the leaders and the subjects are stipulated, as well as the repercussions for the failure of any party to adhere to these principles (181). There does not seem to be any separation between the church and the state. However, various religious groups are respected and allowed to co-exist, although Muslim dominates. The emerging Muslim leadership dealt with the non-Muslim by requiring them to pay a bit more taxes. However, there is no molestation of this group, although it should avoid doing things that are against the Muslim faith, comparing well to how the Christians treated the non-Christians in Europe (150). This is contrary to the modern day, where religious hostility has risen to higher levels, with each religious group seeking to o utdo the others and even persecuting

Movie Scene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie Scene - Research Paper Example He was afraid and worried for walking alone at this time of the night with so much money in his bag. There was certain type of uneasiness in his movement. Rain and alcohol made his vision blurred he was unable to see distant objects. Joey was almost ten steps away from his vehicle, when he suddenly heard screeching of wheels, and within a blink of an eye, a black SUV stopped in front of him. The doors of the car opened, and three well suited Chinese men stepped out of it. Joey knew all the three men from poker table. They were here to take away Joey’s winnings for this night, which they had lost to him earlier that night. Joey, who was already drunk, could not show any resistance to their assault, and he was on the ground with a few blows. Two of these men went back into the car, while the third one stood there and took three gun shots at their prey; he did not left Joey’s body, until it stopped responding. SUV disappeared into the dark, while Joey’s blood flowed along with runoff. The next time when Joey opened his eyes, he was in the ambulance, there were two female paramedics around him, while still half unconscious. He could listen to female voices around him, one of them was going through his wallet for his identification, she called out Joey’s name, his weight an height. After that Joey got lost, he saw his past rewinding in his mind. He recalled his assault with the Chinese gangsters, and the way called him â€Å"Gweilo†, which means white man. By putting more stress on his mind, he was able to discover the reason for his violent encounter with Chinese. It was the money that he had won from them, and they have come back to recollect their wealth, and they believed that he was a wicked American who tricked them in game of cards. He knew how to play poker, and he was best at it when he was drunk. He had memories of his uncle Franco, who taught him, tricks of how to win at poker table. Franco was probably

Home owrk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home owrk - Essay Example come, the welfare workers treat them like criminals and subject them to myriad tests and investigations; ostensibly to prevent fraud but serve to dehumanize them more. The sad case of Al Szekeley, a veteran who is arrested for being homeless despite the fact that he has no home to go to and has to sleep outside. Ehrenreich examines several causes of poverty such as recession, which leave poor people venerable to harassment and ill health since they cannot afford health insurance. In addition, this results in an increased dependency on the governmental support through welfare. Injuries may also be a cause of poverty for instance Al Szekeley who was turned destitute by a wound obtained, ironically in defense of his country. This rendered him an easy target for brutal overenthusiastic police officers (Ehrenreic, 2011). The writer proposed that to deal with the problem of poverty the best solution is to avoid doing things that cause people to remain poor furthermore; the authorities should also avoid criminalizing the poor. In my opinion, the writer makes a valid point because poverty has often being associated with crime and poor people are often unfairly treated. If people were paid well for the jobs they did and were not discriminated by virtue of their economic class, the connection between poverty and crime may stop looking so

Brand Identification Plays In Brand Loyalty and Brand Promotion Essay - 1

Brand Identification Plays In Brand Loyalty and Brand Promotion - Essay Example 3.2 Research Methods This research uses both primary data collection and secondary methods for testing the research hypothesis. The secondary research consists of a literature review that contains a critical analysis of the available literature and research on the customer brand identification, brand loyalty, brand promotion, customer satisfaction and retention. It also covers the theories on these variables and discusses any linkages between them. The primary research is carried out among 159 mobile customers in UK with the help of a questionnaire. The data collected in the city of York. Respondents of questionnaire were selected randomly and the target samples were shoppers from all age ranges from 18 to 66 years or more. Both males and females, who come out of retail settings, were used. The strategy used was to approach every third person coming out of a shops (Tesco, Asda, M&S, any high street shop, etc) to ensure that we get a random representative sample whose mindset is simil ar (shopping). Before giving the questionnaire to the respondents, the researcher explained the research rationale and asked the respondents to complete it based on their favorite mobile brand. Respondents were mainly females (51.6 per cent) in the age group of 18-35 (70.9 per cent). Tables given below give more details about the respondent characteristics: Respondents' Gender Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male 77 48.4 48.4 48.4 Female 82 51.6 51.6 100.0 Total 159 100.0 100.0 Respondents' Age Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 18-25 55 34.6 34.8 34.8 26-35 57 35.8 36.1 70.9 36-45 35 22.0 22.2 93.0 46-55 6 3.8 3.8 96.8 56-65 3 1.9 1.9 98.7 66 or more 2 1.3 1.3 100.0 Total 158 99.4 100.0 Missing System 1 .6 Total 159 100.0 3.3 Research Design The research design consist of the sample size, data collection and sampling method, and analysis techniques. In this research we are using 112 items from previous studies to measure the relationsh ip between the customers and their favorite brands, using seven 7-point scale items Scale of Escalas (1996). All questions will have multiple choices (Caproni 2005, p.146).The results of the questionnaires will be used to make conclusions later in this study We used about 25 item scale of potential measures of model constructs from C.B Bhattacharya & Sankar sen study to measure the relationship between company identity and identity attractiveness and also to know the link between identity attractiveness and c-c identity : We used the findings of Ahearne et al (2005), to examine the link between customer – brand identification in first and second section of our survey (general question about customer and favorite brand) and also to describe the level of overlap between the costumer and brand identity. Questionnaire used was of a seven-point format like; strongly disagree, disagree, slightly disagree, neither agree nor disagree, slightly agree, agree and strongly agree. The res earch will also examine if the CBI have an important role towards the brand loyalty and also in the process of brand promotion. 3.4 Ethical considerations This research uses all the ethical

Entrepreneurship and enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Entrepreneurship and enterprise - Essay Example Aileen possesses several good business skills which might be of great help. The most outstanding feature of her character is being persuasive and persistent. Without this skill, she would have left the idea without development after facing the first serious obstacle. Being active member of the Community Action Group, Aileen has showed her ability to be the team player. They have set the goal (increase the governmental involvement and responsibility for such events) and they completed the campaign successfully. Moreover, being able to influence people using excellent oral communication skills is of great help for any entrepreneur. As it was mentioned several times in the case, she has met with the Prince of Wales and managed to receive his encouragement as well as important contacts. The ability to identify, contact and persuade the authority figures are the key skills most of the entrepreneurs lack (Maggio, 2005, p. 124). In addition, Aileen knew nothing how to start a new business and has no experience in planning and organizing. According to Ashton (2005) the experience in management is essential for determining the success of the new business. Therefore, she needed to increase her knowledge and Aileen found advice at the local enterprise company. Being a creative person, seeing the need of people and the way to satisfy it, Aileen feels that she can change the situation with floods. Her inspiration to help people gives her the strength to bring to life this idea as well as find sufficient funding for the launching. Funding is the first area where problems start to appear. First of all, Aileen will need to collect a lot of documents and licenses that would permit her to change the landscape of the river bank. Taking into account that government is fully responsible for the situation with the floods, the process of collecting all documents and permission might take several years and Aileen will not be able to start doing something. After receiving all of the required documents, Aileen will face another obstacle: funding. Taking the loan at the bank is not an option in this case, because it is unclear whether or not this business will collect any revenues: Aileen has an idea to rise the riverbank in order to help the people, however, I am unsure that people suffering from floods will be willing to pay Aileen because the river is not their property and most likely they will demand the governmental funding. Moreover, she will be unable to convince the bank that she is able to run profit-driven business. In fact, it is unclear whether or not the business will generate any profit. The organizations she is the member of are not profit-drive and therefore, she will need to prove her ability to launch the business (Bygrave, 1991, p. 17); however, the absence of experience and knowledge are working against her. Most likely she will be denied in loan granting. The only opportunities to get funds to launch the whole process are governmental grant or Social Inclusion Partnership. SIC has the objective of encouraging the public and private sectors to work together towards regeneration of the area they represent. Usually, SIC consists of everybody who has the stake in local area: those who live there, people running enterprises, and people responsible for delivering public services. The aim of SIC is to make the living community

Gathering Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gathering Resources - Assignment Example According to Ungar (2011), there are seven main categories of resources that after examining status of their clients, counselors can employ in a counseling session. The seven resources include power and control, social justice, cohesion, cultural adherence, identity, relationships and access to material resources. In the case of Robinson family encompassing a mother, 14 years old boy, 11 years old girl and 3 months old infant that is victim to domestic violence, the most basic resources are access to material resources and relationships. According to Ungar (2011), material resources fundamental in counseling include financial, educational resources, employment opportunities, access to food, shelter, clothing and medical services. In the case of the Robinson family including a mother, a 14 years old boy, 11 years old girl and 3 months old infant not all the material resources will be necessary and urgent. The most important material resources for the family include shelter, financial and educational resources, medical resources, and food and clothing resources. Employment opportunities will still be irrelevant to the family at least during the early periods of counseling. Assuming that the whole family is healthy from any pathological infection or physical injury, the most important resource for all will be food. Food will have to precede all other resources so to energize the family and enable them survive during search for shelter and clothing that will have to follow immediately. Shelter and clothing will help in providing warmth to the bodies of the family as well as creating comfort while waiting for the next actions. In case that the abuse resulted to physical injuries or that one of the members contracted pathological disease, medical resources would accompany food. The nature of priority here is to rescue life and enhance safety of

Alibaba Essay Example for Free

Alibaba Essay He and his team have achieved many firsts in the area of Chinese Internet Trade. He founded the first internet commercial website in China, and created a 82B marketplace platform to all small and medium-sized enterprises in Asia and around the world. He promoted the Trust Pass plan on the website, which created the worlds first on-line credit platform for companies. Under Jack Mas leadership, the Alibaba 82B websites have attracted more than 17 million registered members in 220 countries globally, with daily postings exceeding 35 million, making Alibaba. om the most active Internet market place and 82B community worldwide. Since the inception of the company, more than 400 media have reported about Alibaba and Jack Ma, in dozens of languages. In addition to numerous awards presented to Alibaba. com, Jack Ma was lso selected by the World Economic Forum as one of the 100 Young Global Leaders in 2001; was named Business Leader of 2001 by Asia Commerce Association of USA; and was featured on the covers of Forbes Magazine, Nikkei Magazine, and Fortune (China) Magazine. In 2004, Jack Ma was honored as one of the Top 10 Economic Personas of the Year by CCTV. In 2005, Fortune Magazine ranked him one of the 25 Most Powerful Businesspeople in Asia and this year Business 2. 0 ranked him 1 5th among 50 Who Matter Now and Silicon. com ranked him 1 lth among its top 50 Agenda Setters 2006. company, Alibaba. om builds its business success and rapid growth on entrepreneurship, innovation, and service. Says Jack Ma: The company will remain a start-up no matter how long it has been in existence. What ever has been stable, I will disrupt that stability. The company needs to continue to innovate and grow. I want the employees to believe that we are a small company, no matter how big we get. I believe we can create a system and culture to perpetuate this culture of entrepreneurial and start-up spirit. To fuel the entrepreneurial and innovative spirit, along with a service attitude, Jack Ma is looking for people with the following characteristics: 1) People with a dream. Dont let your colleagues work for you. They need to work for their dreams! If people dont believe in the dream and Join the company purely for money, they wont stay long (refer to Appendix 2 for Alibabas vision, mission, and values). 2) People with shared values. The value system is very important at Alibaba. We are crazy for it! In China, we might be the only crazy company who so strongly maintains our value system. People who dont fit our values cannot survive in the company. (Alibabas six ore values are customer comes first, teamwork and cooperation, embracing change, integrity, passion, and honoring your Job). 3) People with a smile. When we hire people, we look for people who are naturally optimistic and happy. In the start-up process we will meet with difficulties and challenges. Optimistic and happy people can better deal with these challenges and succeed. Its hard to make a happy person unhappy, but its even harder to make an unhappy person happy. I am able to tell whether a person is on our staff by their smile. 4) People who enjoy work and can turn stress and challenges into innovation. Employees must be able to handle pressure and challenges, and turn them into positive energy for innovation, not negative energy for depression. 5) People who work together. We dont welcome people who think they are smart because they may think they are above others. This industry is so new that it really doesnt have any real talents. The people who are real talents probably dont know they are talents. Everyone has tremendous potential. We all use other peoples strengths to overcome our weaknesses We are all ordinary people, but our goals are extraordinary. While Alibaba seeks people with strong rofessional skills, these characteristics are even more important in deciding whether a person will Join, stay, and enjoy working in the company. 2 Alibabas Unique Value Proposition † a Smiling Community with a Dream While Alibaba is clear about what kind of talent they need for business success, the question is: how can the company attract, retain, and engage such talent, especially in the startup stage, when Alibaba had limited resources? The answer is a dream, a dream to make a difference in the way people do business, and a dream to create wealth together. During the start-up stage of Alibaba, Jack Ma often told those nterested in working for Alibaba, not of the great working conditions or the high pay, of what they could earn elsewhere. Alibaba also strives to provide a community, where employees can have fun to work together to pursue their dreams with minimal bureaucracy and politics. Ma recently painted a vivid image of his ideal work environment for his employees as follows: Blue Sky Processes, systems, and decisions need to be open and transparent. Theres nothing that should be hidden from employees. We should be transparent. Solid Ground Everything we do should be honest, ethical and contribute to the welfare of the ociety. The company should be on solid financial ground so employees wont worry about the financial future of the company. Free-flowing Ocean Talent must be allowed to rotate Jobs across subsidiaries and departments. Green Forest (R Conducive conditions for continued innovation. Harmonious Community Peers with shared values and simple interpersonal relationships. The ultimate objective of such a community is to offer employees a work environment to grow, contribute, and live out their dreams. Bureaucracy, secrecy, and stagnation are all attributes that inhibit employees, and the company must actively seek out these ehaviors and destroy them. Alibaba from the Eyes of Employees To what extent do employees at Alibaba experience what the company intends to offer? Why do they Join the company and how do they feel as employees working there? Our focus group discussion with employees in different functions and levels confirms that Alibaba is indeed a unique company to work with. The following themes and direct quotations capture their experiences and the feeling of working at Alibaba: A leader with charisma and credibility: Jack Ma is the magnet that draws people into the company and provides them with a credible dream. When I spoke with Jack Ma, I was impressed with his vision and business model. I had been in the internet business for a while but had not seen a successful model like the one Alibaba is employing. Tang Zhenrong, International Website Engineering Department, and one year with the company. Although the objectives for each year seem to be very high, somehow we have always managed to accomplish those objectives. With past success, we have built up confidence that were able to achieve the objectives no matter what they are. Lili Li, Sales Research Department, six years with the company. The passion of Alibaba is from within and radiates outward to others. We can see that they truly believe in the company and the culture of Alibaba is built from there, not by programs or processes. Echo Lu, Director of Organization and People Development. The company is true to its values at all levels. When Jack Ma talks to management about hiring, he told us that we must hire people With the same smell. Zhang Yu, Director of Marketing, Taobao. com Changes, challenges, and growth: People grow under tremendous pressure to change and grow. The speed of change is three to four times that of other organizations. The objectives are crazy, but when we reach and surpass the targets, we then have a profound sense of accomplishment. With the constant pressure and changes, were also forced to evaluate how we do our own Jobs and how we work as a team. Is it sufficient to accomplish the new objectives? Do we need to look at the challenge differently and try different things? Zhang Yu, Director of Marketing, Taobao. om 4 Communication and transparency Jack will meet with all new employees in a group setting, has meetings with management at least quarterly, and bi-annual staff meetings with all employees. On the intranet, theres a BBS that allows staff to post their thoughts and opinions. Jack often interacts with staff on the BBS in an open and casual way. Echo Lu, Director of Organization and People Development A company that cares about employees During the SARS crisis, because of one suspected case, Alibaba made the decision in one day to have all employees work from home and to pass the required isolation period. As a result of this quick action, we contained any possible outbreak, May. Employees continued to perform Jobs tremendously well at home. We encouraged each other through BBS, phone calls, and e-mails. Lili L, Sales Research Department The most positive thing to result from the SARS crisis was an enormous amount of pride for employees who went through this crisis together. They built a strong bond through experiencing this event together. Its still a much talked about event in the company. In fact, some employees have named the day that staff were sent home to contain the outbreak, Alibaba Day, to commemorate the event. The spirit of Alibaba came alive on that day. Echo Lu, Director of Organization and People Development Leadership and Management Practices that Create the Unique Value Proposition Leadership priority: As CEO, Jack Ma invests most of his time in three areas: vision/ mission/strategy, customers, and employees. By clearly articulating and constantly communicating the vision and mission of the company, he creates the most important foundation in attracting outstanding talent. Dont let your colleague work for you, but work for their dreams! Also, it is important to deeply understand customer needs, not competitors actions. Understanding customer needs can help Alibaba develop concrete business plans and focus on realizing its dream. Finally, it is also critical to realistically assess the competencies of employees. It will decide how fast, how far, and how the company can execute its business strategy and targets in the coming year and next three years. His attentiveness to talent is ref lected in two management practices. First, in the monthly senior management meeting, the first question he always asked is How is your team doing? instead of How many sales has your team made? Second, he always spends a lot of time alking around different business units and departments to smell how the people are doing there. If he smells something wrong, he will immediately talk to the unit head to identify problems and improve the situation. As a matter of fact, all senior executives at VP level and above must develop such smelling skills at Alibaba, to make sure that people are being managed properly. Value alignment: Strong shared values are essential in building a harmonious community where people feel comfortable working together and in ensuring that decisions and behaviors are aligned with company direction. Alibaba has gone the extra mile to make sure that people share the same values. When Alibaba hires people, they look for people with the same smell†people who are optimistic, happy, team oriented, ha rd working, and willing to invest their lives to achieve an ideal. When employees Join the company, they attend at least 10 days of orientation, focusing primarily on the companys vision, mission, and values. When the company assesses the performance of employees, 50% is tied to values and 50% is tied to business results. When employees demonstrate behaviors contrary to company core alues, they are asked to leave no matter how strong their business results are, or very important at Alibaba. People who dont fit into our values cannot survive in the company. Stretch opportunities and challenges: While Alibaba offers different training programs for different levels of employees in both technical and management areas, people grow rapidly by achieving impossible targets year after year. Although the objectives for each year seem high and unreasonable, somehow, we have always managed to accomplish those objectives. With past success we have built up the onfidence that we are able to achieve the objectives, no matter what they are, says Lili Li, of the Sales Research Department. At Alibaba I have been stretched and challenged. I have seen myself grow more than in my previous Jobs, says Zhang Yu from Taobao. com. Indeed, Jack Ma believes that all people have potential that can be unleashed in the right environment, allowing them to stretch and challenge themselves. Ma quoted one of his favorite examples, Several years ago when I looked at the current COO Li Qi, there was no way he looked like a COO. Nowadays, from all different angles, he really looks like a COO. Talent has tremendous potential to grow. However, in order for people to grow under challenges, three elements are important. First is teamwork. Alibaba uses teamwork to complement individual strengths and weaknesses to achieve extraordinary goals. Second are the right people, who enjoy challenges and have fun working. Third are line managers who are accountable for personal growth within their teams. Jack Ma remarked that all line managers at Alibaba are entrusted with two scarce resources (capital and talent) to create value for the company. In addition to ensuring good financial returns, they lso need to create value for their talent in terms of their growth and retention. Thats why Jack Ma also walks around the company to smell how people are being managed in different departments, and why he always asks business leaders how their teams are doing in the monthly CEO review. Wealth creation and sharing: All employees of Alibaba receive stock options, and in effect are owners of the organization. At Alibaba, stock options are not a tool for retention but for reward sharing. From five cents per share to five dollars per share in 6 years, many employees have not only shown tremendous pride in the company but also shared the fruits of their collective success for the well-being of both the society and themselves. Transparency and communication: Communication is an important practice within Alibaba that helps maintain a culture of transparency to all employees. Employees have easy access to all executives, including Jack Ma, through the use of email, BBS, and face-to-face meetings (monthly, quarterly or bi-annual staff meetings). Jack Ma sets a high standard for his executives to follow by regularly interacting with employees. All decisions are transparent, and people can see how they are made. This transparency is getting somewhat lost as we get bigger, but were still given a lot of information when possible. Our trust in the leaders has helped us to overcome this change in transparency. Communication is always good and strong from Sales Research Department. Advice to other CEOs When asked about what advice he would like to offer to other CEOs in China, Jack Ma suggested four: 1) Always believe people are the most important asset, and capital comes second. 2) It is not necessary to find the best talent but the talent that best fits your company. 3) Find and groom the talent inside our company rather than keep searching for talent from outside. The best talent is home-groomed people who fit our company culture. It always takes at least three years before people become fully immersed into our company culture 4) Believe in the potential of talent.

Effect of Overdenture on Teeth Stability

Effect of Overdenture on Teeth Stability Effect of overdenture with vital and non-vital abutment teeth on the teeth stability Abstract Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of overdenture over vital and non-vital abutment teeth on the teeth stability. Methods: An experimental study was conducted as non-randomized controlled trial at Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia during 12 months (December 2013 to November 2014). Thirty patients were voluntary participated in this study, first group overdenture over vital abutment teeth and the second group overdenture over non-vital abutment teeth. Attachment loss and teeth mobility were evaluated, after 3 months, 6 months and finally after 12 months. The data were collected from the two groups by questionnaire for demographic characteristics and observation checklist for assessing attachment loss and teeth mobility. The data were then analyzed by computerized method; Statistical Package for Social Sciences, (SPSS version 20). Results: The study showed that the patients have homogenous demographic characteristics. Overdenture over vital abutment teeth showed minimum attachment loss and teeth mobility compared to the overdenture over non-vital abutment teeth. These differences were with high significant statistics Conclusion: It was concluded that, the overdenture over vital abutment teeth was more stable and showed less teeth mobility and less attachment loss than that made over non-vital teeth. Keywords: Overdenture, vital and non-vital abutment teeth, attachment loss and teeth mobility. Introduction: The difference of overdenture from a conventional denture is the precision of dental attachments underneath that gives the overdenture much better retention. In general, the life expectancy of an overdenture is pretty good, and although the process is quite complicated, the benefits far outweigh the cost and time involved.This is because overdenture is very stable and feels more like natural teeth than ordinary dentures.They are also more retentive and help preserve the remaining bone (1). Overdenture could be used with implants or over the natural teeth. The teeth provide good stability for the dentures so that patients feel much better in the same way as natural teeth, and they can be confident that they won’t move around or fall out, alleviating the need to use messy adhesives (2). There is less pressure on the alveolar ridge than with conventional dentures and patients generally feel a lot more confident and can enjoy better health through being able to have better nutrition (2). Many patients with dentures seek for resolution of soreness of bearing tissues and non-stable or retentive dentures, that may increase esthetics, function, comfort, and psychological benefits from implant overdentures, without the need for more extensive fixed restorations (4,5). Overdentures are caries and periodontal diseases of the abutment teeth as bone resorption. Bone resorption in edentulous alveolar processes has been studied extensively, and the conclusion has been reached that it is a chronic, progressive and irreversible process that occurs in all patients (6). As a general rule, four implants are the minimal number in the maxilla in order to remove partial palatal coverage. While maxillary overdenture implants tend to show a slightly higher risk of failure than seen in the mandible, this clearly appears to be related not to the prosthetic design but originates as a direct consequence of compromised preoperative bone, thereby necessitating a reduced number, length, diameter, and angulation of implants (7,8,9). Differences have been observed between individuals in the amount and speed at which alveolar bone is lost, which have been attributed to a diversity of factors such as age, sex, facial anatomy, metabolism, oral hygiene, general health, nutritional status, systematic illnesses, osteoporosis, medications and the amount of time the patient has been edentulous (10,11,12,13). There is a lack of evidence investigating the efficiency of overdenture over vital and non-vital abutment teeth on the supporting structures. This study aimed to examine the effect of overdenture over vital and non-vital abutment teeth on the teeth stability. Methods: An experimental study was conducted at Albaha region, Saudi Arabia during 12 months (December 2013 to November 2014). The study sample consisted of 30 patients (men) with age of 59 years or above. They were partially edentulous for an average of 28 years, and were wearing their third lower denture. The patients selected were free from systemic diseases. The sample was divided into two groups each of 15 patients, both treated with overdenture, but they were different in the abutment teeth, the first group had vital abutment teeth while the second group had non-vital (endodontically treated) teeth. Both groups weared overdentures and evaluated 3 months, then 6 months and lastly after 12 months, as regarding to the attachment loss and tooth mobility of the abutment teeth in a both groups with vital and non-vital abutment teeth. Preparation of the abutment teeth was done as follow; the crown of each tooth was reduced 2-3 mm above the free gingival margin proceeding labially and lingually till a dome shaped. Preparation was obtained with a chamfer finishing line placed subgingivally. The crest of the dome shape was placed over the long axis of the abutment and the sharp points were rounded. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee at Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University (attached). The consents forms were filled by all participants. The right of the participants to withdraw any time was explained and preserved during the study. The data were collected and statistically analyzed. The data were then analyzed by computerized method; (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) (SPSS version 20). The chi-square test was used to test differences in patients’ demographic characteristics in the two groups. The independent t-test was used to identify differences between the two groups. Paired sample t-test was used to measure differences before and after intervention. All values were tabulated as average (mean) with standard deviation (SD). P values less than 0.05 were considered significant with level of confidence 95%. Results summary: As shown in Table (1), thirty patients participated in this study were homogenous in the demographic characteristics. There were insignificant differences in the variables such as age, education level, and years of edentulous, (P > 0.05). As shown in Table (2) and Figure (1), the attachment loss (expressed in mm) in the first group and second group. It was clear from the table that there were significant increases in the attachment loss with time. It also showed that the increases in second group are significantly higher than first group. The table also showed the significant increase of attachment loss and teeth mobility in second group (non-vital abutment) higher than first group (with vital abutment teeth). Table (3) and Figure (1) showed the abutment teeth mobility and bone height (expressed in mm) in the first and second groups. It was clear from the table that there were also significant increases through the time in the abutment teeth mobility and bone height (expressed in mm). It also showed that the increases in second group are significantly higher than first group. Tables and Figures: Table1: Characteristics of group 1 and group 2 patients participated in the study. Variable Group 1 n1 (%) Group 2 n2 (%) P value Education level Illiterate 23 (76.7%) 26 (86.7%) 0.12 Primary 7 (23.3%) 4 (13.3%) Age of patients 59.34  ± 1.76 58.65  ± 2.64 0.65 Years of edentulous 28.12  ± 2.76 27.89  ± 1.67 0.50 Table 2: Comparing the means and standard deviations between the attachment loss for the first group of the vital abutment teeth and second group with non-vital abutment teeth at the different times Variable Group 1 Mean  ± SD Group 2 Mean  ± SD P value Time of evaluation 3 months 0.60 mm  ±0.11 0.97mm ±0.15 0.04* 6 months 0.75 mm  ±0.19* 1.23mm ±0.20* 0.02* 12 months 0.81 mm  ±0.51* 1.54mm ±0.49* 0.01* (*) Significant Table 3: Comparing the means and standard deviations of the tooth mobility between the first group of the vital abutment teeth and second group with non-vital abutment teeth at the different times Variable Group 1 Mean  ± SD Group 2 Mean  ± SD P value Time of evaluation 3 months 0.10 mm  ±0.13 0.16 ±0.15 0.01* 6 months 0.22 mm  ±0.25 0.28 ±0.29 0.01* 12 months 0.48 mm  ±0.51 0.53 ±0.49 0.04* (*) Significant Figure 1: Comparing the means of the attachment loss and tooth mobility between group 1 of the vital abutment teeth and group 2 with non-vital abutment teeth at different times Discussion: This study showed that the attachment loss in the first group with vital abutment is less than the attachment loss in the group with non-vital abutment. It was clear from the findings that there were significant increases in the attachment loss with time in the second group compared to the first group. A study conducted by Gulizio to compare the alveolar bone loss in the anterior segment area with conventional complete denture to overdenture along five years. It concluded that, there was a significant decrease in alveolar bone loss in case of overdenture as compared to conventional complete denture. They attributed this finding to the presence of carried out some studies that shed light on the resorption process that occurred in patients wearing overdentures on both arches (9). Krennmair, in one study on edentulous patients with facial esthetics and associated structures, found that horizontal loss of hard and soft tissue through resorption, disease, or trauma is so advanced that teeth need to be placed far anterior to the residual ridge in order to provide adequate facial support, then an overdenture (ie, acrylic base and flanges) can provide replacement of these structures (14). Moreover, Bryant tested the type of implant prosthesis effect and outcomes for the completely edentulo us patients, and found that no statistical significant differences in premaxillary bone loss. Alternatively, bone grafting procedures can be performed to augment the missing tissues, but limitations must be evaluated (15). Regarding the teeth mobility, this study showed that the abutment teeth mobility and bone height in the first with vital abutment is less than the second group. It was clear from the findings that there were also significant increases in the tooth mobility through the time in the abutment teeth mobility and bone height in the second group compared to first group. Grageda showed that a single implant mandibular overdenture has additional advantages of being less expensive and invasive and significantly increases the satisfaction and quality of life of patients with edentulism (16). The strengths of this study include comparing two different two methods of overdenture, and the long evaluation period (12 months). The study limitations were; the study was conducted among only thirty patients in Al-baha region; such studies will yield more useful results if conducted on more sample size with complete randomization all over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. From this study it was concluded that, the overdenture over vital abutment teeth was more stable and showed less teeth mobility and less attachment loss than that made over non-vital teeth.

United Airline’s Employees Pension Plans Essays -- Economy Economics E

United Airline’s Employees Pension Plans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An event in the headlines today that will require human resource involvement is United Airline’s decision to most likely terminate all of its employees pension plans due to bankruptcy and turn them over to the PBGC or Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. The PBGC is a federal agency that insures traditional pensions in case companies go â€Å"belly up†. Basically what this amounts to is that United Airlines worker’s retirement plans could be cut by up to 75 percent. The decision to end the pension plans by United Airlines is stated as â€Å"creating the biggest default in U.S. history and forcing a possible bailout† (The Christian Science Monitor, Alexandra Marks).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This issue is not exclusive to United Airlines workers but to any employee who works for a company suffering from financial troubles. If United goes through with ending the pension plans, it is feared that the other airlines currently suffering financial troubles will soon follow suit. Because of globalization and competition from low-wage companies that do not offer company paid pension plans, the responsibility for retirement security may shift from the airlines to the individual workers to take care of. Advice from Brad Belt, executive director of the PBGC is that â€Å"It’s incumbent on individuals to be well informed, prudent about their investments, and to save accordingly.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Union members are angry because United Airlines went behind their backs and reached...

Depression and Antidepressants Essay -- Chemistry Depression Papers

Depression and Antidepressants Specifically the serotonergic hypothesis and the action of Prozac The cause of Clinical depression has long been a mystery to physicians and researchers. Many different theories have been proposed, but no conclusive evidence has been put forth. However, most of what we know about depression stems from the results of certain drugs which have been successful in treating the clinically depressed. These anti--depressants have led to the assumption that depression is most likely due to a chemical imbalance (of neurotransmitters) which somehow leads to the symptoms of depression. To try and write a paper on all the theories of depression would be endless, as would be a study on all the different types of anti-depressants. Therefore I have tried to focus my paper on the serotonin hypothesis for depression, and more specifically how the serotonergic anti-depressants have backed up this theory. Of course, Any paper on serotonin-based anti-depressants must include the popular Prozac. Because of the excitement And controversy surrounding Prozac, I decided to channel most of my paper into the action of this so-called "wonder drug". Fluoxetine is a second-generation anti-depressant which was developed and marketed as PROZAC by the drug company Eli Lilly. This drug is increasingly being prescribed by physicians as the primary anti-depressant when a patient requires pharmacotherapy. This is mainly due to fluexotine’s reduced side affects as compared with the older tricyclic anti-depressants. Fluoxetine is known to act as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in brain synapses where serotonin is the neurotransmitter. However, an exact mechanism has not born elucidated. Information about serotonin synaps... ..., June 1992, 89(6):445-446. (cited as 9) Hyman, S. E. & Nestler, E. J. The Molecular Foundations of Psychiatry. Washington Amer. Psych., 1993. (cited as 7 & 8) Nathan, R. S., Perel, J. H., Pollock, B. G. & Kupfer, D. J. The role of neuropharmacologic selectivity in antidepressant action. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Sept. 1990, 51(9): 367-372. Price, L. O., Charney, D. S., Goodman, W. K., Krystal, J. H., Woods, A. N. & Heninger, G. R. Clinical data on the role of serotonin in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Journal Clinical Psychiatry, April 1990, 51: 44-50. (cited as 5) Richelson, E. Antidepressant and brain neurochemistry. Mayo Clinic Proc., Sept. 1990, 65(9): 227-236. Somni, R. W., Crismon, M. L. & Bowden, C. L. Fluoxetine: a serotonin-specific, second-generation antidepressant, Pharmacotherapy, Jan.-Feb. 1987, 7(1): 1-15. Depression and Antidepressants Essay -- Chemistry Depression Papers Depression and Antidepressants Specifically the serotonergic hypothesis and the action of Prozac The cause of Clinical depression has long been a mystery to physicians and researchers. Many different theories have been proposed, but no conclusive evidence has been put forth. However, most of what we know about depression stems from the results of certain drugs which have been successful in treating the clinically depressed. These anti--depressants have led to the assumption that depression is most likely due to a chemical imbalance (of neurotransmitters) which somehow leads to the symptoms of depression. To try and write a paper on all the theories of depression would be endless, as would be a study on all the different types of anti-depressants. Therefore I have tried to focus my paper on the serotonin hypothesis for depression, and more specifically how the serotonergic anti-depressants have backed up this theory. Of course, Any paper on serotonin-based anti-depressants must include the popular Prozac. Because of the excitement And controversy surrounding Prozac, I decided to channel most of my paper into the action of this so-called "wonder drug". Fluoxetine is a second-generation anti-depressant which was developed and marketed as PROZAC by the drug company Eli Lilly. This drug is increasingly being prescribed by physicians as the primary anti-depressant when a patient requires pharmacotherapy. This is mainly due to fluexotine’s reduced side affects as compared with the older tricyclic anti-depressants. Fluoxetine is known to act as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in brain synapses where serotonin is the neurotransmitter. However, an exact mechanism has not born elucidated. Information about serotonin synaps... ..., June 1992, 89(6):445-446. (cited as 9) Hyman, S. E. & Nestler, E. J. The Molecular Foundations of Psychiatry. Washington Amer. Psych., 1993. (cited as 7 & 8) Nathan, R. S., Perel, J. H., Pollock, B. G. & Kupfer, D. J. The role of neuropharmacologic selectivity in antidepressant action. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Sept. 1990, 51(9): 367-372. Price, L. O., Charney, D. S., Goodman, W. K., Krystal, J. H., Woods, A. N. & Heninger, G. R. Clinical data on the role of serotonin in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Journal Clinical Psychiatry, April 1990, 51: 44-50. (cited as 5) Richelson, E. Antidepressant and brain neurochemistry. Mayo Clinic Proc., Sept. 1990, 65(9): 227-236. Somni, R. W., Crismon, M. L. & Bowden, C. L. Fluoxetine: a serotonin-specific, second-generation antidepressant, Pharmacotherapy, Jan.-Feb. 1987, 7(1): 1-15.

Borrelia Burgdorferi Essay -- Medical Health Biology Essays

Borrelia Burgdorferi Life History: Lyme disease is an infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete that is found in deer ticks of genus Ixodes. Lyme disease was named in 1977 after arthritis was observed in clusters in children in Lyme, Connecticut. An infected tick can transmit B. burgdorferi to the humans and animals that it bites. If left untreated, the B. burgdorferi can cause a systemic infection by traveling through the bloodstream and establishing itself in various body tissues. Lyme disease is most prevalently found in north-eastern United States. Microbial Characteristics and Virulence: Borrelia burgdorferi is not classified as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. When B. burgdorferi is Gram-stained, the cells stain a weak Gram-negative by default, as safrin is the last dye used. B. burgdorferi has an outer membrane that contains an LPS-like substance, an inner membrane, and a periplasmic space which contains a layer of peptidoglycan. They have endoflagella which are contained within the periplasmic space. It can be cultivated on a modified Kelly medium called BSK (Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly). BSK solidified with 1.3% agarose allows the production of colonies from single organisms. The spirochete grows more slowly than most other bacteria dividing once after 12-24 hours. B. burgdorferi resembles other spirochetes in that it is a highly specialized, motile, two-membrane, spiral-shaped bacteria which lives primarily as an extracellular pathogen. One of the most striking features of B. burgdorferi as compared with other eubacteria is its unusual genome, which includes a linear chromosome approximately one megabase in size and numerous linear and circular plasmids. Long-term culture of B. burgdorferi re... ..., Pennsylvania, Delaware Maryland, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin. Lyme disease accounts for approximately 16,000 infections in the United States per year. Since 1982 there have been over 145,000 cases reported to health authorities in the US. Lyme disease accounts for 95% of vector borne illness and the incidence rate is 5 per 100,000 although this number may be less than true cases due to underreporting. People of all ages and both genders are equally susceptible, although highest attack rates are in children ages 0-14 years and in persons 30 years of age or older. Sources Cited: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/index.htm http://www.aldf.com/Lyme.asp#PARA1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/bburgdorferi.htm http://www.aldf.com/Lyme_TreatmentTable.html http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/epi.htm http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic588.htm

Cultural Influences Essay

How does an individual’s cultural experience influence his or her personality? Explain why or why not. Provide examples. Every person that is born in any family, in any part of the world is subjected to an upbringing that is surrounded by different sets of values, ethics and morals. These values in turn form the basis of a culture. The important point to note is that these values are never the same; they differ from culture to culture. A culture defines a society, the society in turn defines its norms and those norms and principles influence a personality(Reynolds , 2006). A personality is something that one cannot inherit. But it has a lot of power to be influenced by the atmosphere it is placed in. The question that rises in minds is how? Well let’s just say its human nature to adopt something that a person faces again and again repeatedly. To prove this we can see the example that the oldest of norms and values survive the most in any culture and thus are found to be a vital part of every person’s personality especially if they are from the same culture. This is why we note that people who migrate to different societies have problems in adjusting to the new culture. This is because their own native culture is so much ingrained in their personalities that it is difficult to eliminate it and replace it with new morals of the new society. The best example can be that of students who migrate to foreign countries for education. If a student who has been brought up in an eastern culture of the sub-continent will definitely have problems in adjusting to the new western culture that he has switched to. This is because that person has been brought up in a society that teaches him values completely opposite to the values of the western society that he has migrated to. And the old values are deep-rooted in his personality. He is greatly influenced by them therefore it results in problems regarding an adjustment in the culture. References Book Reynolds. J. (2006). Celebrate Connections among Cultures. Lee and Low Books.

Personal Computer Maintenance Essay

Today, computers are an important part of our society. When a computer is running and performing like we expect, we’re happy. But, when our computers aren’t, life can be quiet unpleasant. Depending on how you use your computer, you can miss a few emails, or, worse, you can miss important deadlines at work. Maintaining your computers health isn’t only practical, it’s essential. There are several simple steps you can take to insure that your life line is never in jeopardy. But, of all these, there is one that is at the top of the list; backing up. Backing up your files will save you from having a big heartache, even if your computer decides to take the day off. Backing up your files is, undeniably, the most crucial step in securing that your information is never lost. There are several methods to keeping your data safe; they include CD-RW’s, external hard drives, D drives and the Internet. The D drive, external hard drives and CD-RW are excellent choices, but you can still loose your files in a fire, flood or theft. The only secure way to back up your data in a separate location is, the Internet. Some have been known to back up files using two to three different methods. This is your best bet to make certain you’re completely covered. Knowing that your files and data are safe is no excuse for neglecting the rest of your maintenance, something as simple as keeping your computer and monitor clean can have lasting benefits. Also, keeping your computer cool can detour major problems. Keeping your computer off the floor, especially carpet, since the vents are on the bottom, will help. If it has to be on the floor, sit it on something. Old books or magazines work great in giving your computer a little â€Å"breathing† room. If you’re experienced enough, you can cut/drill holes in your tower for extra ventilation. Heat can reduce the life of your CPU (central processing unit). Now that we’ve discussed the external maintenance, we can continue with the internal workings of your computer. Clutter is a huge contributing factor to your computer running sluggish. For maximum performance, a hard drive should only have half of its storage space in use. You should routinely delete temporary internet files and cookies. Remove any old files (especially pictures and videos) or applications that you no longer use. It’s also beneficial to defragment your hard drive from time to time. Defragging the data on your hard drive helps to properly reorganize how the data is stored on the drive, usually boosting system performance. Performing updates on your computers operating system will also keep your computer running smoothly. These are usually automatic and your PC will let you know when there are updates to be downloaded. If you’re like most of us, and use your computer daily without proper maintenance, there is an alternative. You can solicit the services of a professional â€Å"Geek. † These qualified wizards can, for a small fee, transform your PC. In the hands of the pros, there is no worry of further damage to your PC. Now, the next time your computer give you a fit, you’ll know how to handle it. Weather the maintenance is with your own hands or a professional’s, your computer will live a long and happy life and so will you.

Doctor of Philosophy in Naturology Essay

Iridology is the scientific analysis of patterns and structures in the iris of the eye, which locates areas, and stages of inflammation throughout the body. The iris is the portion of the eye showing color. It reveals body constitution, inherent strengths and weaknesses, health levels, and transitions that take place in a person’s body according to their way of life. HOW DID IT ORIGINATE? In the 1800’s, a young boy, Ignatz Von Peczely, happened to catch an owl in his garden. The boy clearly saw a black line rising in the owl’s eye after accidentally breaking its leg during the struggle. He kept the bird until it had regained its health and then observed the appearance of crocked white lines across the black area in the owl’s eye. Von Peczely later became a physician and had the opportunity to study the irises of many patients. He grew certain that there existed a reflex relationship between tissue changes in the body and iris markings and developed the first iris chart, which has been continually researched and revised over the years. HOW DOES IT WORK? The complex iris is composed of hundreds of thousands of nerve endings, which are connected by impulses to every tissue of the body through the brain and nervous system. The nerve fibers, or trabecula, respond specifically to tissue and organ conditions with a corresponding physiological reflex manifested in the iris as lesions and color variations. The iris chart, which is the result of many years of clinical observation and intensive research by Dr. Bernard Jensen and others, represents the basic placement of body organs and tissues similar to a map. An accurate iris analysis is possible by superimposing the chart over an iris image projection, allowing detailed observation of the valuable and reliable data recorded there. WHAT WILL IT SHOW? A complete iris analysis will show whether a person exhibits a generally good constitution or a poor one, depending upon the density of the iris fibers, the patterns, structures, colors and degrees of lightness and darkness in the iris tell if an area of the body is inherently strong or weak. It also reveals the relative site of over-activity, irritation, injury or degeneration of the tissues and organs. Toxic accumulation levels can he observed as well as nutritional and chemical imbalances. WHAT WILL IT NOT SHOW? Iridology will not show or name a specific disease but provides information about the body tissues, which indicate tendencies toward conditions of â€Å"disease†, often before symptoms appear. Iridology will not reveal surgery performed under anesthesia as nerve impulses are discontinued. Iridology cannot locate parasites, gallstones, or germ life, but will indicate the presence of inflammation and toxic conditions, which are a refuge for their development. It will not show pregnancy, as that is a normal function of the female body HOW CAN IT HELP ME? Iridology is potentially an integral part of preventive health care. It has the ability to forewarn of approaching difficulties or signs of â€Å"disease†. Iridology can be a powerful tool, allowing one to determine what is transpiring inside the body from a simple, painless, and economical external vantage point. In effect, iridology will reveal how well your body functions. Improper nutrition and lack of exercise undermines the body’s integrity until eventually it becomes unable to reverse damaging toxic conditions through its own natural self-healing mechanisms, becoming susceptible to ailments of a chronic nature. Therefore, nutrition and iridology are inseparable in one’s pursuit of a healthy way of life and holistic health care program. Iridology helps us understand our weakness so we may strengthen and cleanse our bodies to obtain our maximum health potential. It brings to us an awareness of how to prevent illness, thus allowing us to earn our most precious earthly treasure–vibrant physical, mental and spiritual health! Methodology: Definition of Iridology: According to Medical Dictionary, Iridology is the practice of diagnosing disease by examining the iris of the eye. Although some diseases do affect the eye, iridology is not considered scientific medicine. What is Iridology or Iris Analysis? Iridology is the study of the iris of the eye. Iri and iris come from the Greek name of the goddess of the rainbow, Iris. The Greeks noted eyes come in many, many colors. And logy also comes from the Greek, meaning study of. Literally translated, iridology means the study of the coloration of the eye. The iris reveals changing conditions of every part and organ of the body. Every organ and part of the body is represented in the iris in a well-defined area. In addition, through various marks, signs, and discoloration in the iris, nature reveals inherited weaknesses and strengths. By means of this art / science, an iridologist (one who studies the coloration and fiber structure of the eye) can tell an individual his/her inherited and acquired tendencies towards health and disease, his current condition in general, and the state of every organ in particular. Iridology cannot detect a specific disease, but, can tell an individual if they have over or under activity in specific areas of the body. For example, an under-active pancreas might indicate a diabetic condition. What is Iridology all about? The eyeball is normally defined as a globe or sphere, but it is oval and not circular. It is approximately 2. 5cm in diameter, transparent in front. It has three layers: (1) Inner nervous layer (2) Middle, vascular, and, (3) Outer fibrous, the layer that supports The choroids or middle vascular coat contains the blood vessels. This vascular coat forms the iris with a central opening known as pupil. The color of the eye is given by the pigmented layer behind the iris. This pigmented layer is largely responsible for the color of eyes that we recognize mainly as blue, brown, gray or mixed . The word iris is derived from Greek root, which means, â€Å"halo† or â€Å"rainbow†. It is believed that iris is associated with rainbow because of its colors. According to â€Å"Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary†, Iridology can be defined as â€Å"†¦the study of the iris, particularly of its color, markings, changes etc, as associated with disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Power in the wrong hands

Power in the Wrong Hands In Lord of The Flies by William Golding, A Tale of Two Cites by Charles Dickens, and Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer people in power use their position to corrupt others. This suggests people should be mindful who they put In power. In these novels the authors show that no matter what age, race, social status, or even gender a person is, if given some-kind of power and competition they have the potential to become corrupt. Also, these three writings demonstrate that fear gives the ability to control people or a person.In A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, Madame Defarge knits registry of all the people who are against her and the revolution. As Madame Defarge adds names to the registry the Jacques or revolutionaries follow by her orders and kill each person on this list. Defarge states â€Å"It would be easier for the weakest of poltroon that lives, to erase himself from existence, than to erase one letter of his name or crimes from the knitted register of Madame Defarge† (Dickens 212).The more people the revolutionaries kill for Madame Defarge the more names she knits into the registry. Therefore, each time a Jacque kills a person it adds to her ower and gives her more authority over the rest of the people. Madame Defarge feeds off of and gains her power and position through installing fear into the eyes of those who are opposing to her. Now she does not only add those who are against her and are aristocrats, she knits names of those who she simply Just wants dead. Madame tells â€Å"then tell the wind and fire where to stop..But dont tell me† (Dickens 419). By the end of the novel, Madame Defarge ultimately becomes terrifying in her unwillingness to deviate from her plan of revenge against the aristocrats. In Lord of he Flies by William Golding, Jack wants nothing more than to be the absolute ruler of the island. Jack explains â€Å"Next time there will be no mercy† (Golding 31). Golding added â€Å"he looked around fiercely, daring them to contradict† (Golding 31). Jack tells that next time he will stop at nothing to prove to the rest what he is capable of.As a game all of the boys start playing that they are killing a pig; however, when the kids become overwhelmed they end up killing Simon. The boys chant â€Å"kill the beastl Cut his throat! Spill his blood! † (Golding 152). The boys chanting in the circle gradually ecome blood thirsty as they pretend to kill the â€Å"pig†. They kill Simon when he crawls Into the circle for his turn to be pig. Because Jack has a desire for blood he shows no attempt to stop the boys from tearing Simon apart.Once He killed Piggy, Jack realized that he had the ultimate power of the island. Jack then screamed â€Å"see? See? That's what you'll get! I meant thatl There Isnt a tribe for you anymorel†(Goldlng 181). Warning Ralph that he is next to die and that the hunt for him is on. It is very clear to Roger and Jack that they c an eliminate their threat, Ralph, from the island due to heir power over the tribe of choir boys. In Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer, the leaders of the groups become corrupt as they endure fear of dying on the mountain.http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air https://www.slideshare.net/egalbois/the-1996-everest-tragedy-case-studyhttp://www.jonkrakauer.com/bios/jon-krakauer

Macro & Microeconomics Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro & Microeconomics Questions - Assignment Example In nominal terms, the projected gross domestic product would either be above the projected value or below the value. This where an output gap exists in the difference between projected gross domestic and the actual gross domestic product or actual output. If all calculations and estimations were right, then output gaps that produce positive or negative values should be of great concern to economists and be the basis for decision making. They should also give a source of concern to economists and predict the trend of macro and micro economic growth. On the whole, an inflationary gap, which is a representation of positive output gap measure, is an indication of growing demand over supply and subsequently an indication of inflation (Lipsey and Chrystal, 2007, p. 423). A recessionary gap, which is on the other hand a representation of negative output gap, indicates deflation in the economy (Lipsey and Chrystal, 2007, p. 423). For the year 2011 and 2012 therefore, the output gap cannot be brushed over easily without concern for worry. This is especially because in most jurisdictions of global economic giants such as the United States and United Kingdom, the output gap was said to be negative, indicating a recessionary gap (Thoma, 2012). In fact apart from deflation, there is the concern over unemployment when a recessionary gap is experienced. Unemployment should be a major cause for concern for a number of reasons. In the first place, the recessionary gap is an indication that because a lot of people were not in employable positions, the State could not make good of their input into the economy and so their part of the ratio of input in gross domestic product to balance the output gap was missing. The government is denied fiscal inputs from unemployed citizens because due to their lack of jobs, the government is denied important tax revenue from them. So apart from the fact that unemployment affects the lives of the unemployed by making his living conditions extrem ely difficult; the government also has a resulting effect. One other cause of concern is for government to be forced to repackage future budgets in such a way that aims at attracting and creating more jobs. What this means is that other government expenditure are always affect by output gap values when they create negations. A major justification in the relationship between recessionary gap and unemployment is given in the Okun’s Law, which states that â€Å"It states that for every one percent increase in unemployment above a "natural" level, that GDP will decrease by anywhere from two to four percent from its potential† (Hill, 2012). REFERENCE LIST Hill A, 2012, What is Okun’s Law? Wise Geeks. [Online] http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-okuns-law.htm [May 17, 2012] Thoma B, 2012 The Zero Lower Bound and Output Gap Uncertainty [Online] http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2012/05/the-zero-lower-bound-and-output-gap-uncertainty.html [May 18, 2012] Richa rd G. Lipsey and Alec Chrystal. Economics. Oxford University Press. 11th edition. January 2007. 2. Examine whether the allure of the developing world to multinational enterprises has been affected events over the period 2011/12? In recent times, economic statistics show that there has been a developing situation whereby most developing nations are aligning themselves to international enterprises in terms of economic trade (quote). Generally, when there is such an enterprise, we have the formation of a multinational ent