Sustainable Tourism Development Of Brisbane Australia Tourism Essay

Sustainable Tourism Development Of Brisbane Australia Tourism Essay The sustainable development of tourism has become a global major task which aims at achieving the objectives of biological preservation, prevention of climate change, and natural resources conservation to ensure the long-term prosperity (Narasaiah 2004). In order to obtain the positive outcomes, its necessary to concentrate on the impacts and implications of a destinations environmental, economic and social areas (Sofield 2003). Brisbane is the capital city of the Australian state Queensland with an approximate 200 million population and its a green and diverse city with a splendid climate. It also has become one of the fastest growing economic cities and the major business hubs in Australia. Brisbanes outstanding economic performance mainly relies on its tourism-related industries (ABS 2010). A number of 5.8 million arrivals to Australia during the year ended October 2010 has increased 5% when is compared to the same period of last year. Besides, an expectation of 20 million international arrivals will be received by the year 2020. The tourism industry has played an important role in Brisbanes economy whereby it becomes the third-most popular destination after Sydney and Melbourne (TA 2010). Therefore, the sustainable tourism development is an ideal execution which is balancing the social, economic and environmental areas to ensure long-term sustainability in both mass and special interest segment of a destinations tourism industry (Black and Crabtree 2007). Sustainability of Brisbanes tourism Natural resources Being the heart of Queensland, Brisbane has the wealthy energy and water resources so that it can be able to contribute to the development and execution of sustainable energy and climate change policies to maintain adequate energy supplies for the tourism-related industries (Australian Government 2010). The beaches, mountains, rivers and bays of the city have made it a destination with lively nature. Its also rich in heritage which can simply reveal by the architecture and art of the city. However, Brisbane is now facing the problems of greenhouse gas, peak oil and climate change. It is now taking measures to enhance the energy security and manage the natural resources (BCC 2010). Hence, Australias abundant natural resources have been the key accelerator of its economic prosperity and international competitiveness. This is the reason that the sustainability is a crucial issue for both business and government in such a country with unique natural environment. Developmental strategy The Australian Tourism Board released the National long-term tourism strategy which practised the long-term policy to position the tourism industry as economically vibrant and sustainable industry in order to further its sustainable development (Australian Government 2010). The tourism industry of Australia will double over the next ten years due to the substantial growth in both nature-based tourism and ecotourism. The ecotourism is a nature-based tourism which is involving the education and explication of the natural environment so that it can be conducted to be ecologically sustainable. Its able to help Brisbanes cultural components and the ecological sustainability of natural environment to obtain opportune gaining to the local community and long-term conservation of the resources (Fennell 2003). Australia is well-known for its ecotourism after it has made the great achievements in the developments between various stakeholders which are including government, industry and community groups (TQ 2002). Brisbane is increasing the reverse and connectivity of bush land to provide extra protection of natural areas; it can also improve the carbon pollution and the climate changes (BCC 2010). Furthermore, Australia has set up the sustainable population strategy to make sure that it can reply to the variations in its population to develop a sustainable Australia. The strategy is aim at improving the present and future generations with more suitable recognitions and managements to the influence of population changes (AG 2010). It also can direct the development of principles to meet the population needs of Australias future. All of those strategies which have been mentioned above will become the strong means to ameliorate the sustainable tourism development of Brisbane. The issues of sustainable tourism development Social impacts The growing complexity of communities and the relationships between them pose significant challenges for the sustainable development of tourism (Hall and Richards 2000). For example, the Brisbane City Council has worked with the social development industry to improve the living and working environment more sustainable. It also provided the grant to encourage the sustainable tourism development in the community such as roads, buildings, green spaces, and tourist attractions of the city (BCC 2010). One of the most obvious reasons is that the growing number of population and tourists will inevitably influence the quality of local residents lives (Faulkner 2003). Brisbane is deeply concerning on the sustainable development since a growing number of domestic and foreign people like to buy their second and retired homes to spend their lives here after discovered through tourism. This may also help to conserve its heritage, culture and classical architecture in order to maintain the charms to the international market because the tourism will influence the culture and nature environment (Horner and Swarbrooke 2004). The productivity of labour plays an important role in affecting the sustainable tourism. Brisbane has developed a Multicultural Employment Infrastructure Program to assist the skilled people from high unemployment migrant into appropriate occupation of tourism industry such as hotels, restaurants, attractions, etc. and thus creating more sustainable employment outcomes for the local society (TA 2010). The sustainable development with the good encouragement can help to provide large training opportunities and great employment for the residents. The positive labour productivity growth of Australia tourism was contributed mostly by the accommodation and transport services industries from 2003 to 2009 which has been indicated in Figure 1. There is an issue that Brisbane is making efforts to dispose the gender discriminations in the tourism industry because of only 36% of female managers. The other major jobs are diminutive such as housekeeping, kitchen work, waitress, etc. and thus Brisbane is trying to improve this situation and providing better chances or conditions for the women in the tourism industry (Helium 2010). Another social issue is that the Aboriginal culture has become a tourism product due to a growing area of tourism interest after it was exposed by Australia to the international tourism market. It has enhanced the economy and improved the quality of life for the Aboriginal people. The Aboriginal culture also helps to differentiate Australia as a distinctive destination from its global competitors of the marketplace (Butler and Hinch 2007). However, the tourism will have the negative impacts on society in term of the activities of local community. The reason is that the tourism development may result in the loss of its cultural identity by playing up to the perceived demands of the tourists, especially the international markets. For example, some historical buildings in Brisbane are now facing demolition or reconstruction due to the new construction plans of city council. The community is under a debate of the purpose of these buildings and the value of attractions in the future because some local committees are trying to protect these heritage properties (Moore 2010). Hence, the local society has to always focus on not to meet the anticipated touristy ideals in order to ensure it can conserve its own culture or heritage in a right direction. Figure 1 Average annual labour productivity growth in tourism industries (%) Source: TRA 2010. Environmental impacts A destination will strengthen its policies on protecting the environment due to the rapid growth of tourism industry. However, the environmental impacts can also bring the negative outcomes to the nature-based tourism (Jafari 2000). Brisbane is now facing the worst flash floods coming from the Toowoomba city. The floods entered Brisbane with the floods level of 4.5 metres which is expected higher than 1974s peak. A large number of shops in the central business district have closed because of the floods. More than 10,000 properties and 200,000 people have been influenced in the New Year floods. Many residents and visitors are forced to evacuate out of the disaster areas. The Queensland Tourism Board mentioned that flooding and heavy rains had hit the tourism industry badly with lots of roads, rail links and airports were blocked (ABC 2011). The destination will also take actions to minimising the negative environmental impacts for the sustainable tourism development (Jafari 2000). Nowadays the Australian tourism is tending to the low carbon travel because of the carbon pollution of the country. Both locals and tourists are encouraged to experience the low-carbon vacation and lifestyle so that a lot of tour packages have been provided on village or vineyard journeys (TA 2010). Hence, Brisbane pro-actively works on sustainability positivity will be better positioned than its competitors to survive as the travellers grow more environmentally conscious in selecting their destinations. The environmental auditing is required by legislation as a self-regulative implementation which can be valuable controlling tool in order to achieve the sustainable tourism development (Jafari 2000). Being one of the largest cities of Australia, Brisbane has invested in dealing with the greenhouse gas emissions, climate changes, and use of fossil fuels. The reason is that Australia is one of the most carbon-emitting countries and thus Brisbane is taking actions to improve the environment which is affected by its growing tourism industry. It has identified that the public transports and rail freights are the key factors to handle the reduction of carbon emission; nevertheless the Australian tourism is so dependant upon its international and domestic aviation links due to its unique geography. Therefore the airline industry of Australia increased the fuel prices when the tourism was affected directly (TTF 2008). The environmental influence of tourism has also motivated the destinations to concentrate responsibly in enhancing the quality of their environments and lives (Elliott and Thomas 2009). Australia is challenged to solve the variety of environmental issues since the global community is focusing on the green tourism. Brisbane has developed the Climate Adaptation project which is aiming to set up the climate changes strategies and policies of climate adaptation to help the tourism and increase the local livelihoods through the sustainable tourism (TA 2010). This can help the city to recognise the risks of future climate change in sustainable tourism and ensure that the strategies are flexible to face the challenges within a right direction. Economic impacts Sustainable tourism is acting an important role in economic aspect of the community and global levels by minimising the negative impacts to ensure sustainable use, as well as providing sufficient tourism revenue to reinvest an affirmative segment of investments (UN 2001). The Australian tourism is acknowledged by its regional communities as a significant economic driver due to its strong competency to provide a large number of jobs and income. The total expenditure from the tourists has increased by 5% to about AU $59 billion since 2008. The state of Queensland was the highest area where the visitors spent the most to its regional tourism. Besides, Australia has created a Tourism Impact Model for local councils to operate the economic impacts of tourism and therefore it can efficiently generate the income of tourism to improve the industry (TAV 2008). The sustainable tourism development is always measuring the economic activities so that it can obtain and focus the future impacts to the industries. This has become a cardio tonic for Australian economic growth. The tourism industry has the capacity to bring grant benefits when it also has to utilise the costs on host communities. The benefits and costs of tourism are contributed equally. Instead of concentrating great efforts on advertising tourism or on measuring all of the benefits and costs, the regional development may become an effective tool to achieve larger return from the efforts that the communities are able to increase the tourisms net revenue (Moscardo 2008). Australia is applied itself to increase the tourisms net economic contribution to its economy and to foster an industry which is promoting the regulations of economic responsibility and sustainable tourism development. For instant, the state of Brisbane, Queensland has provided a Smart State program with $120 million to develop a state where knowledge and innovation drive economic growth to solve the challenges of the technology industry and improve the quality of tourism (TA 2010). Therefore, the positive economic influenc e of tourism will rely on the way it managed and planned. The tourism has to always concern on the economic areas when it is planning for the sustainable tourism because the economic issues is not only provide positive achievements but also affects the tourism negatively (Sofield 2003). The Australian dollar strengthens currently to make lots of overseas travellers who are forced to tighten their purse strings. The impact of the stronger Australia dollar will make it to become a more expensive destination for the overseas visitors. Some hotels were affected by this issue as the business of international customers dropped five percent when compared with the previous months. This also meant that the overseas travellers would spend less time in Australia. Furthermore, the impact of the flash floods in Brisbane has also caused about AU $6 billion in damage which is including the budget of reconstruction and the raise of food prices. This may affect the local business which provides the products and services to both residents and tourists, especially in hotels and restaurants. They will hardly cut down the costs to attract the domestic and international tourism (PMN 2011). Both the stronger dollar and floods impacts of tourism industry will shorten Australias economic gr owth in 2011. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is the persistent guarantee by business which contributes to the economic development through improving the quality of the local communities and the life of labour force. It is an effort of the companies to develop significant relationships between the corporate division and the remaining of the society (TA 2010). The Australian airline Qantas Airways Limited have announced a new three-year partnership with the tourism board to promote and strengthen Australia as a desired tourist destination through marketing campaigns, business and trade events. It will have an effective outcome due to Qantas as one of the strongest brands in Australia and being known as the worlds top long distance airline. The company has a significant strategy which is encouraging its employees to participate the Australia sustainable tourism programs to ensure that they will bring the social responsibility into their work. The programs are including the education about the link between climate changes and sustainability in business and the conservation of Australias land care. The company will awards its staffs after they have showed the proactive leadership to carry out the environmental schemes throughout the business (Qantas Airways 2010). The Qantas airline is committed to the sustainable growth of Australia in order to promote and enhance its distinctive destinations and environment. The airline spends almost AU $3 billion on the jet fuel and emits large amount of carbon and exhaust gas. Qantas has taken steps to reduce the carbon emission by signing contract with a US fuel producer Solena. They considered building a trial plant to convert waste into bio-fuel. The source of the bio-fuel includes food packaging, scraps and tree cuttings. Besides, Qantas is trying to improve its water efficiency in all aspects of its operations by investigating procedures to reduce consumption of potable water, such as use of the grey-water and aircraft wash-water recycling. The organisations target is to reduce 25% of water consumption by 2011 to foster sustainable tourism (Brisbane Times 2010). The airline will conclude a feasibility study for the waste-based of aviation fuel within one year and thus the bio-fuel will be trialled on aircrafts. The bio-fuel and the water conservation will be the key components of its environmental strategy of sustainable tourism. Moreover, Qantas has launched an annual award for those who perform excellent in Australia sustainable tourism since 2008 (Qantas Airways 2010). This award can motivate the local communities to improve the business environment of the society and thus it can help to promote the country to become one of the top sustainable tourism destinations. Australia announced that the grants of tourism development program had been provided to support the sustainable growth in the tourism industry by developing creative products and services, contributing to long-term economic development, and creating high quality visitor experiences and services. Brisbane has supported a project Brisbane Ambassadors for Life: Sustainable tourism development which is proposed by the local hospitality organisations. Its an innovative program designed to create sustainable economic value by attracting overseas students, leisure, and convention visitors to the greater Brisbane region. Some of them will become ambassadors for Brisbane in other countries, with Brisbanes sister city relationships to generate increased visitation and length of stay in Brisbane (TA 2010). Conclusion The sustainable development of Brisbanes tourism is in a steady process which is influencing to its social, economic and environmental areas because sustainable tourism is significant to Australias cultural and natural wealth. The government has provided a lot of sustainable practices to support the development of tourism and encourage both domestic and international tourists to explore the treasures of Australian tourism. This will also motivate the corporations and stakeholders to resolve the challenges and collaborate to improve the tourism industry so that it can provide the social and economic gains to the destination and survive in such a high extent of the global competition. Today, the Australian tourism is rapid growing industry which has significantly contributed to the country. It has affected the lives of communities and developed variety of sustainable programs for its tourism development. However, Brisbane is currently facing a series of problems which are including the damages of the flash floods, the raise of food prices and the carbon pollution. Especially the floods, it will cost Brisbane a large amount of funds to reconstruct the disaster areas. These critical issues will be the difficult tasks for Brisbane to settle in its sustainable development. Therefore, the measures of sustainable development will be focusing on the current consumptions of the industry in order to satisfy the needs of the future generations. Moreover, it may guide the policies as well as implementations to be a powerful tool towards the sustainable tourism of Brisbane.

Answer pastpaper

Answer all the questions. Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place in the case of angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question. Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity is needed, use 10 m s-2. The use of an electronic calculator is expected, where appropriate. You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in your answers. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.The total number of marks for this paper is 50. Questions carrying smaller numbers of marks are printed earlier in the paper, and questions carrying larger numbers of marks later in the paper. This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. UCLES 2011 [Turn over 2 A car of mass 700 kg is travelling along a straight horizontal road. The resistance to motion is constant and equal to 600 N. (i) Find the driving force of the car's engine at an instant when the acceleration is 2 m s-2. Given that the car's speed at this instant is 15 m s-l , car's engine is working. find the rate at which theA load of mass 1250 kg is raised by a crane from rest on horizontal ground, to rest at a height of 1. 54 m above the ground. The work done against the resistance to motion is 5750 J. (i) Find the work done by the crane. (it) Assuming the power output of the crane is constant and equal to 1. 25 kW, find the time taken to raise the load. 3 q 15. 5 N A small smooth ring R of weight 8. 5 N is threaded on a light inextensible string. The ends of the string are attached to fixed points A and B, with A vertically above B. A horizontal force of magnitude 15. 5 N acts on R so that the ring is in equilibrium with ngle ARB = 900 .The part AR of the string makes an angle B with the horizontal and the part BR makes an angle B with the vertical (see diagram). The tension in the string is T N. Sho w that T sin 12 and T cos B = 3. 5 and hence find B . [6] 4 A block of mass 11 kg is at rest on a rough plane inclined at 300 to the horizontal. A force acts on the block in a direction up the plane parallel to a line of greatest slope. When the magnitude of the force is 2X N the block is on the point of sliding down the plane, and when the magnitude of the force is 9X N the block is on the point of liding up the plane.

Profesions of Women

Dreams Moving Forward If one thinks hard minded off goal, the goal will become difficult, but if one thinks easy minded of a goal, that goal can become a reality. In Virginia Wolf's passage, â€Å"Professions for Women,† Wolf targets women to Inform them how limited they are In a population full of males. Her mall Idea Is to not let your conscious or others hold you from doing what you want to do. Wolf uses metaphors and imagery to support her concern during her controlled era.Wolf begins by metaphorically describing a fisherman as if he was a girl alone next to a lake. She quotes, â€Å"l think of this girl is the image of a fisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake with a rod held out over the water (276). She patiently waits at the edge of the lake with a rod lined into the lake. Her goals are in the water and her rod is being used to catch her goals if she waits patiently. The fisherman is able to explore her â€Å"imagination† (276) without even t hinking about it or letting anything get In her way.Then her rod â€Å"dashed Itself against something hard† (276) and the girl was In a â€Å"dream† (276) and she was awoken. By describing owe the fisherman was a girl, Wolf Illustrates how a women could think of dreams and Inspirations, Just Like men, but then the dreams are ruined by knowing they wouldn't come true due to the overpopulation of males during the time. She Is convinced that she would never meet her aspirations just because of the opposite sex. Women felt controlled due to the fact that men restricted women to stay and take care of the home.At the time Wolf was too frightened to take the extra step to make her â€Å"imagination† come true. Throughout the passage, Wolf uses imagery to convey that there is an â€Å"angel† (274) in her own home. She describes the angel as â€Å"sympathetic† (274) and â€Å"pure† (274), the characteristics that women had during the Victorian time. Wolf then kills the angel, If she didn't, the angel would have â€Å"plucked the heart out of her writing† (275). The angel symbolizes the women of this time period's oppressive state brought on upon the strong male role In society.The angel compelled Wolf to overcome the Limitations of being a Victorian woman. Victorian women had to put food on the table, clean, take care of their children, and stay at home while their husbands went out and worked and expected to be taken care of. Wolf wanted to reek the stereotype placed upon her; she was not an ordinary housewife. She wanted to be what others would not have expected her to be. It was part of the â€Å"occupation of a woman writer (275) to kill the angel.If Wolf did not kill that angel, it would have come back and wouldn't have let Wolf pursue her dreams. At the end of the passage, Wolf metaphorically conveys the â€Å"empty rooms† (277) that women can claim. Wolf quotes â€Å"though not without great labor and ef fort, to pay the rent† (277) she wants to challenge women to â€Å"decorate† their own room by putting things that they feel what's right or what they have accomplished and to share† (277) their accomplishments with other but must share the room with caution and not show It to the wrong people, for Instance, a male.Wolf wants to show that other women, like herself, can achieve so much by themselves, they should not let the use of metaphors and imagery. Wolf's message can satisfy anyone who is going through trouble, she reveals that women during that time did not try to fight nor question what was expected from them. She has become a role model for people that need to know that they can do anything imaginable, as long as they find a way to work around their obstacles.

Value of Sports Talent

Value of Sports Talent Introduction One of the greatest motivators of the sports industry and sometimes the only motivator is identified to be the revenues that players as well as their teams rake in after a particular game or tournament. The need to increase the amount of revenue that a team or a player makes has led researcher to explore the economic as well as the finance aspects of sports.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Value of Sports Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the course of these studies it has been identified that there is a lot of disparity between the amounts of revenue that players as well as teams playing in the same sport make (Downward, Dawson Dejonghe, 2009). In the quest to explain these disparities, researchers have come up with different frameworks that can be applied to increase the overall incomes of the various stakeholders in the sports fraternity without necessarily having to work hard. This may be identified as an advantage for the players even though it has elicited its fair share of criticism from the lovers of the particular sports. They identify that too much commercialization of the game may end up killing the sport by drawing all the fun out of it (Sanderson Siegfried, 1997). In the end most people who are in a position to influence the way sports is managed still view it as a business that pays the bills of many people all over the world. There has also been increased activism in the sports fraternity citing the lack of equality in the payment of salaries. This has introduced a new debate over the standardization of salaries in leagues or tournaments especially where it is identified that the performance of some of the highly paid players may be in question. The issue of management of sports teams as well as independent athletes is identified as one of the critical aspects of the financial debate in the sports fraternity. The signing of contracts is especially ide ntified as critical in the development of sports as it outlines the particular financial success of the athletes as well as the teams. This paper seeks to explore the opinions of different authors on the whole issue of sports finance and economics in reference to the particular revenues that individual players as well as sports teams rake in from particular games as well as tournaments. Theoretical Premise The authors identify some new applications of knowledge borrowed from other fields that are identified as compatible with the general field of sports. It is identified that most of the authors borrow their content from the economic and finance aspects of sports in their explanation of the particular revenues that players and sports clubs get (Stone Warren, 1999).Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their explanation of the economics of sports, however, raises new ideas that have not been previously identified by other authors such as the relationship between performance and revenue (Kahn Shah, 2005). It is identified that most sports have a performance appraisal payment system where players as well as clubs make more money depending on their performance. On the other hand, there are players and clubs that make more money based on their fan base although they may not be in a position to perform better than other players (McCormick Tollison, 2001). They also explain the contribution that perception makes on the incomes of players while highlighting race and status issues. It is identified that the application performance appraisal mechanisms in some sports may be partisan in terms of the amount of contribution that each player makes (Ehrenberg Bognanno, 1990). The identification of some players as high value does not always stem from their particular performance on the field or court, but rather on their value as sports personalities. The a uthors apply some economic and finance principles in identifying different mechanisms that players and teams can use to increase their value without necessarily performing better in their respective sports (Kahn Shah, 2005). The use of economic principles identifies the particular relationship between market forces in the sports fraternity and the performance of players. The authors identify that the performance of players or rather teams often has a huge impact on the number of fans that frequent their games during tournaments (Downward, Dawson Dejonghe, 2009). This increases their revenues from gate fees as well as sponsorships (Noll, 1998). On the other hand, it is identified that there may be some freeloaders who make more money than other without having to perform well. They often make their money through fan loyalty, which the authors identify as a combination of basic economic principles. The fact that some teams are in a position to increase their income by building fan lo yalty even though they may not be the best performing team in a particular league brings in the issue of fan psychology. It is identified that the need to belong often brews a huge amount of loyalty that is unmatched by any type of performance (Sanderson Siegfried, 1997). Some of the aspects identified by the authors to be particularly responsible for this kind of loyalty are race and location. It is identified that the location of some teams ensures that they are the only teams that those who love the sport in the area can support (Noll, 1998). With increased demand as a result of a great following, teams are in a position to increase their incomes through hiking stadium gate fees as well as increasing their endorsements and sponsorship values (Whitney, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Value of Sports Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors use data borrowed from sports statistics made by di fferent teams and league managers. These give a vivid description of the particular revenue flows that the authors seek to explain in their articles. The fact that the numbers are evident, but there has not been any action to rectify the disparities in incomes, may be understood to mean that the success of the sports fraternity does not lie in the particular revenues generated (Kahn Shah, 2005). This is contrary to popular opinion of the players, managers as well as fans who identify that the monetary value of the sport has a lot to do with its success. The use of real monetary figures does, however, prove the validity of the arguments advanced by the authors in every sense of the sport from the motivational to the fanatical and financial aspects of the different sports that have been evaluated (Stone Warren, 1999). Of particular interest is the data on basketball as well as football where it is identified that some of the best performing athletes may be making less money than the ir counterparts who perform less especially in cases where they are bound by contracts that are of a lower value (Palomino Sakovics, 2003). This extends the authors debate on sports management where sports managers have to identify ways of increasing and sustaining sports contracts and endorsements. Critique The authors raise a couple of ideas that are quite important in the evaluation of sports revenues with the current disparities in the incomes of different players as well as teams being put into consideration. The identification that the state of the whole sports fraternity is worrying in regard to its sustainability especially after fans have started complaining of more boardroom sports than on the field sports (Whitney, 2005). The fact that the commercialization of the sports industry may be identified to be one of the contributors of the decline in the growth of the whole industry in terms of sports, it should not be demonized especially considering that the increased value of the game has overtime contributed to more activity in terms of the number of games and tournaments organized (Ehrenberg Bognanno, 1990). The authors’ findings as well as conclusions can be identified to have various strengths as well as weaknesses that are based on their application of themes whether new or borrowed from other fields of study (Verbon, 2008). Strengths The authors identify that the introduction of salary caps as well as salary floors may serve to improve the quality of sports since players will be more motivated to perform better. The fact that these opinions are based on real values collected from the different teams and sports managers serves to provide a practical evaluation of the economic and financial aspects of sports especially in regard to salaries and endorsements (Verbon, 2008).Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need to introduce some form of equality into the sports fraternity is advised by the fact that some teams as well as individual players have been suffering under irrational decisions made by their managers who identify particular ways of raking in revenues to be preferable than other (Palomino Sakovics, 2003). It is identified that the particular aspect of procuring famous athletes who are in the decline stages of their careers and then paying them some hefty amounts of money may not be ethical even though it works to draw in more fans as well as increase endorsements and sponsorships (McCormick Tollison, 2001). The need to value sports with reference to the particular performance of a player and not his or her previous reputation serves to ensure that the particular talent that exists in the field is natured to a point where it gives both the stake holders in the sports management and the fans a considerable amount of satisfaction during the games (Stone Warren, 1999). The i dentification by some authors that some of the sports portray quite a substantial amount of disparity between the revenues of players from different races, serves to highlight the plight of minority groups in the sports fraternity. This, they identify is rooted in the particular management techniques of different spots where the value of players is quantified to racial supply rather than their performance (Kahn Shah, 2005). They identify that in the basketball leagues white players are paid more than their black counterparts due to the fact that there are less white players in the leagues in general. The application of economic, finance as well as other market research models in identifying the particular value of players and teams in terms of endorsements and the number of fans is credited for this racial disparity (Downward, Dawson Dejonghe, 2009). Where it is identified that there is a higher population of white people who frequent the sports venues, the white players are paid more than the other players and vice versa (Ehrenberg Bognanno, 1990). The authors have also identified the need to invest in nurturing talent in regard to their evaluations based on economic principles. They identify that the investment of teams in old and experienced sports personalities so as to increase their endorsements and number of fans may not satisfy their long-term objectives and may actually be expensive in the long run (Palomino Sakovics, 2003). Weaknesses While most of the authors identify that the introduction of salary caps may be identified to be a motivator for those who are wrongfully discriminated based on their personality, it may serve to demoralize the high achievers who make a lot of money (Sanderson Siegfried, 1997). It should not be assumed that some of the highest salaried players do not deserve their salaries as it is identified that some of them actually perform exceptionally for the betterment of their teams as well as the whole sport in general. The application of economic variables does not serve to solve the direct challenges that are faced by sports personalities today and with the short lifespan of some sports careers it may be worrying to identify that some of the currently talented athletes may never get to be paid their fair dues in the near future (Noll, 1998). The authors identify that with age the performance of athletes reduces. In as much as teams want to maintain some of the players for endorsement purposes, the particular economic viability of the sports industry has a long-term aspect to it and with the short life cycles of the athletes careers it may not be viable to apply economic principles in a matter that is identified to be of personal importance. It may, however, work to secure the revenues of future generations. It is identified that what is currently needed is a quick solution to fix the reputation of the sports fraternity before some of the sports start losing their market value due to reduced fan sati sfaction (McCormick Tollison, 2001). The management of sports teams is also misrepresented in terms of financial preference, where it is identified that they are mainly drawn by the particular profits that they can make in the signing of sports contracts (Verbon, 2008). It is identified that the need to maintain a high number of loyal fans coincides with the particular aspect of endorsement profits as well as gate collection and these are actually some of the main concerns of sports managers. Conclusion The authors have presented a very solid case on sports economics by evaluating real data on the particular revenues of teams as well as individual sports personalities. Their arguments on the particular contracts that players as well as teams in general get into prove that there may be more financial matters in the sports fraternity than it is identified by those who identify talent as the main motivator of sports (Whitney, 2005). This proves that the financial aspect of sports shou ld not be ignored as it may be a bubble that is about to burst considering the recent over-commercialization of some sports. They identify that there may be a need to toughen the rules and regulations surrounding the management of spots to secure its viability and ensure fair play among the different stakeholders (Downward, Dawson Dejonghe, 2009). References Downward, P., Dawson, A., Dejonghe, T. (2009). Sports economics: theory, evidence and policy. New York: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Ehrenberg, R., G. Bognanno, M., L. (1990). Do Tournaments have incentive effects? Journal of political economy. 98(6). Pp 1307-1324. Kahn, L., Shah, M. (2005). Race, Compensation and Contract Length in the NBA. Journal of industrial relations. 44(3). Pp 444-462. McCormick, R., E. Tollison, R,. D. (2001). Why do black basketball players work more for less money? Journal of Economic Behavior Organisation. 44(1). Pp 201– 219 Noll, R., G. (1998). Economic Perspectives on the Athletes Bo dy. Stanford humanities review. 6(2). Pp 78-81. Palomino, F., Sakovics, J. (2003). Inter-league competition for talent vs. competitive balance. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Porter, P., Scully, G. (1996). The Distribution of Earnings and the Rules of the Game. Southern Economic Journal. 63(1). Pp 149-162. Sanderson, A., R. Siegfried, J., J. (1997). The Implications of Athlete Freedom to Contract: Lessons from North America. Oxford: Blackwell. Stone, E., W. Warren, R. (1999). Customer discrimination in professional basketball: evidence from the trading-card market. Applied Economics. 31. Pp 679-685. Verbon, H. (2008). Regulation of Mobile Football Talent. Tilburg: Tilburg University press. Whitney, J. (2005). The peculiar externalities of professional team sports. Economic Inquiry. 43(2). Pp 330–343.

The Beginning of New Society essays

The Beginning of New Society essays European settlers around the country were looking for a new place to settle and make businesses. They have no idea how prosperous this New World going to be. The rip of two different cultures was mostly based on religion differences. The Puritans, who want to get away from the Church of England, moved to Plymouth in the 1620. They believed the God would destroy England, so they fled to the New World. Then around 1600s, King James I was interested in North America as a possible location for English settlers. Many Protestants moved to the South. Through the years there have been many different colonies form in the United States, but the most important colonies were Northern and the Southern. By this time two different cultures had formed. Between the two colonies there held differences in economics, political, and social/cultural. Their way of lives, and their way of beliefs were not similar. In the South they are farmers. They grew different kind of crops. Columbus introduced corn to the European. Corn was their source for food, but when the Virginians tried to grow corn, they figured out that it was very difficult. So they tried to grow tobacco, and see what will happen. By this time the South realized that their main money making crop was tobacco. In the 1612, John Rolf planted the West Indian tobacco seeds. The first commercial shipment to England left the colony in 1617. The tobacco was grown on plantations. Majority of the South is making money from farms and plantations. They are located near the coast, so the other crop they grew was rice. In the Northern they are more advanced than the South. The North knows how to use their trees. It was a long-lasting resource. Mast for ships and staves for barrels were crafted from New England limber. The most important New England export was fish. Around the 1640s, Englishmen started to fish in the North Atlantic. Ships were build, and training fo...

Art and cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art and cinema - Essay Example Beyond the artist or producer’s annotations on technology, often the audience is made aware of the fragile nature of portraying time within the work. Using a few film clips and reading examples, the paper will expound on the complex relationship between film and photography. Roland Barthes’ writing â€Å"The face of Garbo† clearly reflects one of the many intrinsic relationships between cinematography, film, and photography. In his work, Barthes idealizes actress Greta Garbo’s image. Garbo was undoubtedly one of Hollywood’s most beautiful women in the 1930s; these was a period were imagery and film were akin. Before Hollywood’s golden age of the 30s, demand for photos and images for actors was just starting to take root. The 1920s saw the demand actors and actresses’ photos rise. With these demand, photography of many actors became idealized. Some critic even believed that many actors would be nothing without their photography. Greta Garbo’s photographs portray a specific mood, a type of flavor, a larger than life feeling. In the movie Camille Garbo, evoke similar sentiments to the audience. In the movie, Greta plays the role of Marguerite Gautier a beautiful young woman who eventually becomes known as Da me Camille. For years, Camille’s beauty was her main source of livelihood. Her beauty seduces one Baron de Varville to cover her finances. Garbo’s looks in the movie Camille plunge the audience into an elation that has equal magnitudes as her photos. The last twenty years have seen exponential improvement in technology. The fields of film and photography have not been left out in this aura. Today, Photoshop is prevalent in virtually all-photographic work in the internet, galleries and museums. In her work, â€Å"The Ballad of Sexual Dependency† photographer Nan Goldin is concerned about this implication. The ballad of sexual dependency spans from 1976 to the 80s is a work of reality and depicts Goldines life. Goldin has an intrinsic

Contrast and compare the psychological theories of Jung and Freud Essay

Contrast and compare the psychological theories of Jung and Freud. Discuss some implications of their theoretical and therapeutic differences - Essay Example As seen in the research conducted by Schimmel (2013, pp. 61-77), Sigmund Freud was of the opinion that the mind comprise of three levels that control the human. The first level is the unconscious mind, second the preconscious mind and lastly the unconscious mind. For the case of the Psychoanalytic theory, focus is mostly put on the unconscious mind. In the work of Schimmel (2013, pp. 61-77), the unconscious mind entails feelings and thoughts such as sexual feelings, uninvited thoughts, events as well as the experiences that are in contrary with the conscious mind. In the thought of Freud, personality development solely relied on the unconscious motivations of the self (Rycroft, 1995, pp. 38-52). Freud also noted that the mind contains, the id, ego and the super ego (Schimmel, 2013, pp. 61-77). The id seeks to attain pleasure and will not stop until it attains its immediate satisfaction. In the event that the id does not get satisfied, it automatically turns aggressive. The ego tries to fulfil the desires of the id. This explains that the ego works under pressure from id to meet its needs if long term satisfaction has to be attained. The facilitation of the needs between the desires of id and ego reduces the chances of aggression and chaos resulting (Schimmel, 2013, pp. 61-77). Lastly, the super ego is a conscious part of the mind that represents the expected norms and values of the society. Schimmel (2013, pp. 61-77) writes that the superego determines what is factual and what is real; thus, determine how a person ought to behave in the society. Simply put, the superego determines what is right and what is not in the society more so as prescribed by one’s parents as well as the environment. It is through the superego that persons determine if they are right or wrong. In the long run, individuals end up appreciating themselves or even becoming guilty of their actions. The function of the superego is indeed a contrary of the id and the ego